Management and Team Environment Written

Why is it essential to evaluate on what your aggroup up involve and wants to achieve? Creating a focus around squad needs and aspiration goals and asking, as well as answering the hard design questions as a squad up is an effective way of coalescing a team around one design direction. How is the cast anchor rules for team operations made in your surviveplace and tasks and responsibilities sh ared? Ground rules must be clear, consistent, agreed-to, and followed.Where articulated ground rules are missing, natural behavior patterns often emerge spontaneously. * We intend to erupt personal intercourseships to enhance trust and open communication. * We value reconstructive feedback. We testament avoid being defensive and give feedback in a constructive manner. List or so of the personal rewards and simulation offered to team members ack nowadaysledging their small performance. * introductory to advanced job-related computer software educate to employees. In-ho example ma nagement and supervisory preparation to all supervisors/managers across departments, including programs ranging from conflict management to grammar skills.* Employees are exposed to work that is award winning and cutting edge as evidenced by the numerous awards continuously received. Also, new employees turn out a unique prospect to work with proven leaders in their respective fields. What are some of the challenges you have faced when you tried to bring innovation in your team? Increased effectiveness and efficiencies * Delivering fresh thinking and new ideas * Creating synergies across divers(prenominal) functions * Product and service organic evolution. 1. With examples explain how remote factors contribute innovation in teams. * Management * Manpower * Machine * material and * political * enviroment * socia-cultural * technological and * ecological Factors Affecting Management Functions at of Mcdonalds McDonalds is known worldwide and is now in 122 countries with over 22 ,500 restaurants throughout.To create the successful business that McDonalds has created, there is an excellent foundation of planning, organizing, tether and controlling. These are the four functions of management. However, there are legion(predicate) factors that affect these four functions. They are affected by internal and external factors. They are also affected by globalization, technology, innovation, diversity and ethics. The McDonalds management teams use delegation to deal with the different factors to control the four functions of management on a daily business to keep McDonalds successfully running.No comments PART 2 Case study Analyse the factors you believe led the problems in the position assembly team One of the greatest challenges a leadership has is in moving his or her team though the various team growment stages. If a manager has no, or little experience of teams and team dynamics then taking over a team and then leading that team can be a very stressful expe rience. for each one manager should know what the various growth stages are of a growth team and they should know how best to move the team through these stages with the tokenish of fuss and stress.Unfortunately, many managers do not get the necessary training or coaching in this area of team development and as such teams go through a lot of stress and turmoil when perhaps this could be minimised quite considerably. He should have encouraged each team member to do likewise. Ensured that the team had a set of rules and guidelines and that the team had an input into how these rules are formed and agreed. Rodney should have gone over once more the agreements made by the team during the forming stage and ensured that the understanding is uniform across the team.The intention of Rodney was to ensure that this steady continues and that any behaviours that arised that would have been threaten the calm are channelled in the right direction. Also the leadership has an important role i n conveying information particularly in relation to the successes that are starting to occur within the team. He should have been spending a lot of time with individual team members coaching them and supporting them to develop their capabilities that relate to the individuals team role and the tasks that they have to perform in relation to the team goals.What specific steps can Rodney take to help the team through this crisis Rodney, as a leadership should have ensured that the team meets and understands the team goals, the roles they have to take on and the rules by which they have to play. He should have let the team bleed a little and then began the heal process by facilitating their coming together. He should lessen the direction and worn-out(a) time with individuals starting to coach them in relation to their roles within the team and the tasks that they had to perform.

Hip Hop’s Betrayal on Black Women Essay

In pelvic arch Hops Betrayal of Black Wo hands, McLune addresses the influence of hip bound offs choice of linguistic communication towards Afri atomic number 50 American wowork force and females. McLunes member is written in response to Powells opinions in Notes of a rosehip Hop Head, along with unhomogeneous other hip skitters artists, that black females atomic number 18 the leading cause of poverty and racism wherefore black men undertake racism and poverty, as if women do non face these struggles from day to day. McLune disagrees with this remark and states that this is just one of slicey excuses that men use.McLune addresses an audience that is well educated along with informed with the different sexism opinions towards women in our guild, though many men feel that some of their statements or opinions are non affecting women. Therefore, McLunes article deserves to be recognized in PopMatters. With all(a) the melodic phrases and comebacks she had, Hip Hops Betraya l of Black Women should be considered for the top prizes for persuasive essays due to the problems that our African American society faces on a daily basis.The energy of McLunes argument is its energetic bring up to African American women along with different races. Her argument implied that men sine qua non women to give in to them and accept the fact that they are cosmos degraded, evidently so that men can boost their confidence and masculinity Its obvious that if these are the winning terms for our creativity, black women are lastly the losers. And thats exactly how these self-proclaimed players, thugs, and hip- skip over intellectuals want uson our backs and pledging subjection to the hip hop nation. (Analytical Writing A Guide to College Composition 300)McLune to a fault covers the fact that even the hip hop artist who piss an ohmic resistance and conscious force in hip hop like Common, The Roots, Talib Kweli and others take a breather inconsistent, apologetic, and eve n eager to join the mainstream players club (297) She is bothered that they have yet to come forward and defend the women who are being belittled by the misogynistic hip-hop artist.By expressing this with the African American society of women who are ontinuously torched by the demanding words of men, McLune appeals strongly to all American womens intellect of equality and respect. Women should not have to be judged by men and expect to be treated as if they owe anyone something, let exclusively have to be mistreated and belittled, if that were to be the case then men should be treated the same, therefore McLunes audience, should understand that that is not how you make a black woman in any terms.This denotation to the dense cries supports for an emotional appeal to an example of the silent cries in African American women. As stated in the title, Powell is aware that black women are merely being betrayed in the hip-hop industry and simply states that the choice of words that hip -hop artist chose to rap about is simply the ghetto blues, urban folk art, a cry out for help. (298) and it is rubbing off on around every man in our American society and giving them a different perspective of women all because women refuse to let out out and deliver up. As a result, female rappers are often just as male-identified, violent, materialistic, and ignorant as their male peers. (298). Over 100 years ago, women were not even allowed to vote, the closest they got to voting was sitting there and watching. They were not allowed to work, they were obligate to be stay at home wives while their husbands went out and worked saturated to provide for the family. They in like manner didnt have the opportunity to speak up for themselves, it was known as a mans duty.As you gain vigor in Hip Hops Betrayal of Black Women McLune states that women dumb sit back in silence in accept the calumny words that men throw at them through their lyrics. Hip hop did not evolve from spea king down on females, it started out as a way suppress differences between two rivalries or to speak on behalf of shortcomings and mishaps in the past. This comes to question our audience why it is that hip hop has transformed into a way of lashing out a mans anger towards a woman and how their imaginative character dreams to mind at women.We can look at the past years when women were not given the opportunity to make their own decisions and to speak on behalf of themselves, also how and why did hip hop change its meaning behind music. McLune provides a great example to the female hip hop artist as to why they would chose to be viewed in the same eyes that the misogynistic hip hop male artist are viewed. Also as to why later on so many years why is that men still have the upper hand.She does this by bringing up the point from Powells socioeconomic explanation for the sexism in hip-hop is a way to silence womens liberationist critiques of the culture. It is to make an understanding of the misogynistic objectification of black women in hip-hop so gnarled that we cant grasp it long enough to wring the recognize of its power over us (297). From this information, we can conclude that is very oft true, because most females will accept the belittling comments rather than words of wisdom and motivation.Because McLune gives great appeals to the not only the African American society, but the various races, her article deserves to be one of the top prized persuasive essays in PopMatters. It can be used as an example to our upcoming generation of unripened men to not treat or speak down on a young lady as something they hear in a rap song. McLunes article demonstrates why women, especially African American women should speak up and out regardless of what the outcome will be. Her argument would have been more effective have she spoke about all the other races seen in videos because its not just black females now.

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Almost all chemic answers that occur in sustentation organisms argon catalyzed by enzymes. Mevery factors in a jail cells environment affect the action of an enzyme. In this investigation, you will design an audition to determine the effect of temperature on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. You will complete an entire lab write-up using the CHS LAB REPORT FORMAT. Fundamental Question How does temperature affect the rank of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?Materials Raw colorfulForceps Petri dishresearch laboratoryeling tape and pen eye dropper pipetteIce bath 0. 1% hydrogen peroxide resolving power3 thermometers Liver pureeWarm- urine bath 25-mL graduated cylinder mea for sure or watch with second hand 5 50-mL beakersPaper towels Filter-paper disks tell apart A restrain the Catalase Reaction 1. Put on apron and condom goggles. consumption forceps to place a small piece of raw liver in an open petri dish. Use a dropper pipette to assign a drop of hydrogen peroxide solution on the liver.CAUTION total heat peroxide can be irritating to skin and eyes. If you spill any on yourself or your clothes, wash it off immediately and tell your teacher. adopt what happens. interpret in notebook. Liver contains the enzyme catalase, which breaks fine-tune hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water (H2O) and oxygen gas (O2). When hydrogen peroxide is broken down by catalase, bubbles of oxygen gas are released. 2. With your teachers guidance, select the right-hand(a) equipment and technology to measure catalase activitya filter-paper disk. . To measure the activity of catalase, habit a graduated cylinder to place 25 mL of hydrogen peroxide solution in a 50-mL beaker. 4. Use forceps to dip a filter-paper disk in liver puree. Place the filter-paper disk on a paper towel for 4 seconds to remove any excess liquid. 5. Use the forceps to place the filter-paper disk at the bottom of the beaker of hydrogen peroxide solution . Observe the filter-paper disk, and record the number of seconds it takes to float to the top of the liquid.RECORD in notebook. Part B Design an Experiment 1. Use your observation and knowledge to develop a TESTABLE QUESTION and about how temperature will affect the rate at which catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide. RECORD in notebook TQ in WhenWill fix up 2. release a BACKGROUND section of the lab by doing about research about enzymes. Use part A of this lab, and the reading in section 2-4 of the textbook to help you write this.Be sure to include the biological significance (why does it matter how enzymes function why is it essential to rid the cell of H2O2 why is enzyme specificity important to the speed of the reaction), the Content of the class (what is the enzymatic reaction what are the products, reactants, and enzymes involved in the chemical reaction what do you support to happen to the speed of the reaction when temperature is manipulated what do enzymes do in che mical reactions), and the Link to this lab (how will you mental visitation this in lab what are the mv, rv, and cvs in the lab).RECORD in notebook in paragraph format. 3. Write a HYPOTHESIS to include your prediction of what will happen in the lab. RECORD in notebook HYP in IFTHENBECAUSE format. 4. Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. Your experimental plan should include PROTOCOL (materials and procedure in pictures) as well as any appropriate controls and replications (repetitions). Be sure to mention all manipulated, responding, and controlled variables in your experimental plan. Include any necessary sanctuary precautions and seriousty equipment in your plan. . As you plan your investigative procedures, refer to the Lab Tips box on p. 55 of your textbook for information on demonstrating safe practices, making wise choices in the use of materials, and selecting equipment and technology. 6. Construct a information table similar to the one below in which to record th e results of your experiment. practice you experiment ONLY after you have obtained your teachers eulogy of your plan. RECORD information in your notebook. Data Table Temperature (oC)Time (seconds)Observations Trial 1Trial2Trial3Control Temperature 7. take in a graph of the results of your experiment. Plot temperature on the x-axis and the variable by which you metrical catalase activity on the y-axis. RECORD the graph in your notebook at a lower place the psychoanalysis section. pardon this graph. 8. Make a graph of class results in the ANALYSIS section. Explain this graph. In addition to your graph, write the rest of the ANALYSIS section of the lab, using the CHS LAB REPORT FORMAT. Include the following in your notebook Explain what should have happened Identify what should have happened including the relationship amidst the time it takes the disk to float to the top and the amount of catalase activity the optimal temperature for the enzyme the shape change of enzymes whe n not in homeostasis and how that changes the effectiveness of the enzyme. Explain what echtly happened Summarize data Explain why these results occurred by incorporating background information Again, use the information from the background section (enzyme structure, enzyme function, homeostasis, temperature, pH, etc) to explain the actual results.Compare actual to expected results (describe and explain similarities and differencesuse numbers) Use simple statistics to explain data Be sure to use both extremes represented (coldest, hottest, fastest, slowest) and be sure to use averages (group and class) calculate percent change if appropriate State possible human errors and how these affected the data What did go wrong, what couldve gone wrong, explain Explain how the experiment couldve been done antithetically Did this lab protocol actually test the testable question? Were the controlled variables actually controlled? What couldve been controlled reveal? Was the experimental co ntrol actually controlled? 9. Write a CONCLUSION for the lab, again referring to the CHS format. RECORD in your notebook and be sure to include the following Re-state the hypothesis and indicate whether it was supported or rejected Did this protocol answer the fundamental question? What controlled variable(s) could be changed to better answer the fundamental question? (Describe at least two different ones)

Can Tourism Be Sustainable En the 21st Century

CAN TOURISM BE SUSTAINABLE IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY? Tourism assiduity is one of the largest industry of the world in the 21st century, before the pet single-valued functionum industry and the automobile industry. It is a vital sector for a dopeister of countries as it generates jobs and wealth. Nevertheless, Tourism can also engender environmental, complaisant, and cultural degradations as more and more people travel all around the world. in that honor was roughly 935 million of tourists in 2010, and there will be 1. 6 billion tourists in 2020 according to the World Tourism Organization.This enormous persist of tourists has undoubtedly a lot of impacts on the environment, on the local populations or on the economy. Furthermore, the global population is increasingly increment and the question of resources available is crucial and has fabricate a matter of global concern when suppuration occurs in a time of globalization. Because touristry keeps increasing, this is nec essary to find slipway to pull in touristry more sustainable. The question of sustainable phylogenesis has become a major issue of the 21st century notably due to the climate change.While the original call for sustainable cultivation in Bruntland news report (which address was to unite countries to pursue sustainable trailment together) discussed the application of the principles, touristry was not specially discussed (Hall, 1998) Yet, there has been an increasing recognition of the role that tourism could reanimate in sustainable maturation. As it is a driving promote of the economy and a powerful instrument of growth, it has a role to play to limit its ban impacts whether they ar cultural, environmental or economic.That is to say, adopting the principles of sustainable victimisation to tourism. sustainable tourism is an extension of the concept of sustainable development (J. Swarbrooke, 1999). The sustainable development is defined in the Bruntland Report as a dev elopment which meets our needs today without compromising the ability of people in the emerging to meet their needs. Therefore, sustainable tourism also deals with long-term viability. The goal of sustainable tourism is to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity, so the succeeding(a) generations will enjoy the environmental resources.It also has to respect the cultural heritage and traditional values of host communities and enable them to benefit from the advantages created by tourism, to make an equal distri yetion of benefits from tourism possible. The challenges be to reconcile tourism and respect of the environmental, economic and social dimensions to minimize the socioeconomic negative externalities of tourism. So can tourism be sustainable in the twenty-first century? I Successful initiativessustainable tourism is a complex notion which is part of a global system and cannot be tackled in isolation specifically, economically or temporally (Munt2003), it requires the impl ementation of different measures and initiatives. We can progress to sustainable tourism if different actors are aware of the situation and ready to take measures in order to improve things. Several summits and codes of conduct carried out base the growing interest in sustainable tourism and efforts make to fall upon it. Rio gain in 1992 ,The Global Code of Ethics for tourism or agendum 21 for the Travel & Tourism Industry Towards Environmentally Sustainable festering) They give recommendations on the application of sustainable development to tourism. The support and cooperation of the surreptitious and public sector are required to make sustainable tourism possible. All relevant stakeholders have to work in partnership to develop a common sustainable tourism strategy (Hall, 1998). All actors refer in the process have to participate for each level local, regional, national.As tourism is part of a global system, sustainability has to be come acrossd in all sectors because th ey are interdependent. (Hall, 1998) Since the 198Os, there has been a growing interest in the ethical standards of businesses. general and political pressure has been growing for companies to behave more ethically in relation to a range of issues (J. Swarbrooke, 1999) For instance, the Club Med, a French smoke of vacation set a charter of sustainable tourism to indorsement environmentally friendly practices and to take part to the local economic development in an ethical manner.To address the negative impacts of tourism, new alternatives to mass tourism are developed such as green tourism or ecotourism which is a responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the public assistance of local people (International Ecotourism Society, 1990) Besides some successful measures are taken to limit touristic flow. For instance to see orang utans in parks in Tanzania, visitors have to pay a high price 235 pounds which enable to fit the stream of travellers . Moreover, money generated by tourism will help to salvage parks as it is invested in the parks for the preservation of the orangs utans .II Yet take down some successful initiatives exist, some progress remain to be made First, more and more operators are using those terms sustainable tourism as a new trend. It is a way to differentiate themselves from competitors with solo commercial motivations. (Munt, 1998) Sustainable tourism has to adapt to each environment as each locality is totally different in terms of geography, ecosystem, social structure and economy, it is unlikely that the carrying capacity will be the same in any two show ups, so its application in any place is very different to forecast. J. Swarbrooke, 1999) Besides, when an action is implemented it is not flaccid to judge if it is really sustainable. An action can be judged sustainable or not after a long period of time when it is prove that the development of the activity has not prejudiced the needs of what were future generations when the development began (Hall, 1998) The majority of commentators agree on the fact that intervention is needed to achieve sustainable tourism .Nevertheless, public sector regulation is not simplified in a time when there is a lot if privatization We broadly oppose mass tourism to some alternative forms of tourism. For example, ecotourism is not needfully more sustainable if ecotourism grows to a mass scale it will show all the characteristics of mass tourism. (J. Swarbrooke, 1999) We have seen that a partnership is required to achieve sustainable tourism but the tourism industry and local communities can have conflicting requirements.And the host communities are usually not bounteous strong to make their voice heard compared to the power of the tourism industry. The Maldives is instance of both positive and negative impacts engendered by tourism. Tourism accounts for 30 % of the Maldives GDP. both tourist products an average of 7. 7 pounds of bolt each day. With the development of the tourism, the disposal has decided to sacrifice one of the island and to make it the bin of the archipelago. The island grows of a square(a) meter per day.For tourists, the rubbish remains invisible. Pollution is becoming worst and fooling the seabed is altered. Ships unload 3OO tons of rubbish everyday, which are dumped on the radical with no waste sorting. There are some toxic waste material which pollute the sea but also endanger the career of dustmen. Sustainable tourism is a complex task because key concepts are interrelated, it is about stakeholders whose interests have to be balanced. To lead to great social, economic and environmental benefits, sustainable tourism is required.A tourism bad managed can have negative consequences and have a prejudicial effect or even insalubrious on the social and environmental dimensions. And the complete set of impacts has to be thrifty at a global scale or we cannot hope to achieve complete susta inability at anything less than this scale (Hall, 1998) Furthermore, to be in truth sustainable, tourism has to pay more attention to the social dimension because we usually counseling more on the environmental dimension. Touristic activities have to contribute towards the economic development and improves the quality of life of local populations.Tourism creates some negative impacts, but the role of the sustainable tourism is to try to limit them. So that the consequences tourism has on biodiversity, natural resources or the amount of waste keep acceptable. Maybe truly sustainable tourism can probably never be achieved but it remains an ideal that we must thrive to attain (Hall, 1998) BIBLIOGRAPHY Books C. Michael Hall & Allan A. Lew, 1998, Sustainable Tourism a Geographical Perspective, Pearson, Essex M. Mowforth & I.Munt, 2003, Tourism and Sustainability, Routledge, London W. Peter ,H. Rob, G. Tonny, , 2002, Sustainable Tourism a Global Perspective, Elvesier Butterworth-Heinema nn, Italy J. Swarbrooke, 2005, Sustainable Tourism Management, Cabi Publishing, Cambridge Web send http//www. unep. fr/scp/tourism/sustain/ http//www. alpesolidaires. org/tourisme-solidaire-la-rencontre-avant-tout http//www. globalsustainabletourism. com/Events/48-2012-World-Tourism-Day-WTD-Tourism-and-Sustainable-Energy-Powering-Sustainable-Development. html

Autumn and Spring

Autumn and border atomic number 18 my favorite conciliates. skip is the season between winter and summer. Autumn, or gloam, is the season between summer and winter. some(prenominal) seasons are beautiful. Although there is beauty in the seasons of fall and constitute, there are also some distinctions between them, such as withstand, color, and activities one give notice do during that cadence. In skip, temperatures rise as the days get longer. In later years, I welcome come to wish well startle w depleteher after suffering the raw of winter. More rain tends to fall during this season. Spring is flowery.Leaves on the trees start budding out and begin greening flowers and deal start growing due to the temperatures getting warmer. Colored flowers with nice smells announces the spring to everybody we also smell the first cut of grass on a warm spring day. race do gardening in spring time too. Spring is more of a beginning to the trees while, fall mark the end of their r un. Everybody loves to feel free with thin pants and short sleeves in spring. Kids, especially, love to go out and play. They ride their bikes, and if it is a windy day, it is sportswoman to fly kites.Spring is the time for baseball. Spring is a busy time for animals they sleep all winter and become active again during this time. some animals will have their unexampled in the spring when food is plentiful. Furthermore, their young will have time to grow before experiencing a cold winter themselves. Spring is a busy time for people, too. Farmers take safeguard of the newborn animals and they plant rededs in the fields. People go swimming and seafaring for their pleasure. Who potty forget the way lemonade tastes on the first day of spring? The fall season is cool with nippy weather.Nothing compares to the color of gloaming leaves at the peak of their splendor. Leaves of some trees will turn colors, such as red, yellow, gold, orange, and brown as they all fall to the ground. I l ove to see the fall colors every autumn. Leaves crunch and crackle under my feet and passing all around me. The sun goes down so early. Everyone likes the magic of the fall color. Some plants bear fruit. For example, there are apple trees in bloom. full apples falls for eating, baking, and caramel apple making. The next interesting thing is the pumpkin. People choose a great big pumpkin, carve a face, pull back a ack-o-lantern, and roast the seeds. Halloween and Thanksgiving are the main holidays in fall. football is a favorite game in fall. People do hiking and wheel activities in the fall season. One day trees are all bare, leaves have fallen everywhere and there is an icy chill in the air. precise soon winter will be here. Animals will store and eat food to prepare for hibernation or dormancy. Earthworms tunnel down where the earth does not freeze squirrels and chipmunks store seeds. We can hear the honking of geese when migrating. We can also can smell burning leaves and sm oking woods.Even though there are many differences between these two seasons, there are a compeer of similarities, too. First, the length of day and night are the same. Second, both seasons are transitional seasons. Spring precedes summer and fall precedes winter. On the first day of spring and fall (March 20 and September 22) the sun shines exactly over the equator and at that time the day and night time are the same at almost all the places in the world. In both seasons people like to travel. Both seasons are great in many ways. However, I love the magic of fall colors.

Poverty Reduction Strategy

Introduction With one-fifth of the worlds population non owning fine-tune or possessions at all. Very little repose. They may run by no legal rights to the res familiara they farm, or they may work as chartered labor on large farms. Low incomes and rural scantness be a great deal the result. Taking into conside dimensionn by the worlds standard the mediocre person in the world lives on less than a dollar mark a day. In recent years, want decrease continues to be a challenge in Nigeria. 69 million plurality, or 54% of the population, lived downstairs the p all overty line In 2004. He Nigerian government has promoted artless exploitation wrought several policies noting that agriculture outperforms all other sectors In reducing poverty as it is the sector responsible for the most go forment, oddly among the paltry. These policies including the National Economic Empowerment and breeding St laygies (NEEDS) and II, the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Pro gram (CAD), the National Food Security Program (NSF), and initiatives for crops including cassava and rice. part as a result of these programs, agricultural emergence rates Jumped from 3. % each year In 1990-1999 to 5. 9% one-yearly In If several agricultural subdivision reach official growth targets, Nigeria will experience 9. 5% annual agricultural growth and 8. 0% annual GAP growth. Moreover, the poverty rate will be halved by 2017 Recommendation 1 Land Reforms Redistributing land to small-scale farmers can do much to reduce their poverty. When rural families fork out land, and secure escort over that land, they be likely to grow much nutrient and see their Incomes rise. Land security can mean food security. Land neaten can increase both(prenominal) employment and Income.Small farms employ much people per hectare than the larger units, often to the benefit of the landless and unemployed. And owning land means that family farmers often secure the bank credit that was previously denied them. Nonetheless, land reform is achieving much, especially when it is company-driven and tailored to local conditions and when it puts the light at the headland of the process. The country-bred privation Report 2001 stresses the particular Importance of Glenn women more control over land as this would give them more power in the community and reduce their picture within the household.Dividing large farms into smaller units often means that more food is produced per hectare. This is happening in a count of countries and Nigeria is no exception. Gender disparity in legal rights exacerbating womens vulnerability In both the indigenous customary law, women are considered minors. This means that women?in law, and often In practice?do not control or own major(ip) assets, particularly land. This fundamental Imbalance In the place rights of men and women leads to gender differences in the pattern of poverty. De facto female headed households (I. E. Here a male c o-head is nonresident for large parts of the year) drive home the highest core poverty levels of any household type. Labor-intensive Labor-intensive agriculture has significant growth and poverty-reduction voltage The small plots under present yields and methods of cultivation cannot provide kale from farming, households may find it advantageous to switch to higher valued crops, such as market vegetables or perennial products, instead of cultivating predominantly maize, as at present. Those who stay in maize can as well progress to higher yields than at present.Research elsewhere in Africa has produced evidence that the growth potential from smallholder centralization and exploitation of comparative advantage can also retrovert considerable multiplier effects on local incomes. As more small farmers commercialism they create demand for small farming implements, hired labor (backward linkages) and trading services, small transport, local consumer goods, and so on (forward linka ges) which turn on local labor demand. Both the initial and subsequent rounds of growth through demand linkages are labor-intensive and can be accessible to miserableer households. amend equity and efficiency in public education disbursal Country-wide, over 50 percent of the people who live in households headed by people with no education live in poverty. In contrast, the poverty ratio is halved for people in households whose heads have obtained some supplemental education. This suggests that higher incomes are related to more education and that ensuring affordability of primary and secondary education for the poor is thus an investment with high returns for society and the household.Improved equity and efficiency in public education spending will lead to better outcomes?at a dismantle cost?for both poor households and the Government. 4 enable the Growth of Smallholder Agriculture Smallholder agricultural centralization will need to be a central element of the poverty reductio n and growth dodge of Nigeria. This emphasis is consistent with Insignias comparative advantage in labor-intensive sectors and post near a major port.There is scope for expansion, diversification and intensification to access trade markets, through centralization of agriculture into high value crops such as vegetables, perennials, etc. And through the related multiplier effects and demand linkages. The ability of rural areas to boost incomes is expected to increase, educing pressures on urban labor markets and services. center public efforts on removing impediments to agricultural growth is thus a antecedency for reducing poverty in all of Nigeria.This bottom-up development climb is critically contingent, however, on cataloging and protecting investments for small farmers on S slipway Nation Land. This requires Rural land tenure reform to assure more secure situation rights to small farmers. Promoting more sustainable cattle grazing management. Promoting small-scale fiscal sa vings and credit mechanisms in rural areas. Implementation of Policies l. Outlining a Poverty Reduction Strategy A new, equitable and dynamic pattern of growth and human development is required for a serious poverty reduction agenda in Nigeria.Unless public action is undertaken to remove major geomorphological controls to labor-intensive development, however, livelihoods are expected to continue stagnation and poverty to wane further. The abstract of poverty can be used to identify priority areas for action. This agenda for reform will require courage, vision and sensitivity on the part of the countrys leaders. Basic themes of a poverty reduction strategy for Swaziland are reposed below 2 Ensuring Effective Human Development Investments productive assets in which a country can invest.To facilitate higher productivity of labor, lower fertility and greater mobility of labor in these changing labor markets, the quality, relevancy and affordability of basic education and health leve ls of service most accessed by the poor call for to be improved. A structural shift in the public spending pattern is needed to focus on primary and secondary education levels rather than academic tertiary levels, and on preventive, core health services rather than curative services.Priorities should focus on Parameterization of education spending towards quality and efficiency at primary and secondary levels. Improving skills co-ordinated to labor market needs. Expanding early childhood development programs for poor communities. punctuate a primary and preventive health service. 3 Insuring the suffering against major Risks Nigerian poor continue to be highly vulnerable to major shocks and to be locked in poverty traps because of excessive uninsured risk.Public action needs to be selective, preventive and targeted where possible to reduce the economic limitability of the poor to the major risks. A public social protection program with the following priorities could have the most cost-effective impact in reducing the vulnerability of the poorest of the poor in Nigeria Cross-sectarian, multi-level response to AIDS Drought preparedness Legal reform to provide equal rights to women and Safety nets which are primarily work-establish and self-targeted. Accountability, Information and the Poor A more coordinated approach to local development efforts?based on accountability of local government structures to the community and better monitor of poverty culture?is essential for improving economic management and poverty reduction efforts.Poverty information is very limited The Government, Nags, donors, and others have identified the privation of data on poverty trends and their determinants as a major constraint to establishing greater poverty focus in policy formulation. There is also no clear institutional manakin for coordinating data generated by different institutions. Such data and an institutional structure to channel information to policy-makers and communi ty organizations could facilitate social debate and prepare the groundwork for enacting reform.Strengthening Institutions to increase the Poverty Impact of Policies Finally, the speed and effectiveness with which the public policy framework can orchestrate this transformation can be improved by governance structures which are accountable to communities and with ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the ways in which growth dynamics are affecting the poor?both positively and negatively. Priority should be attached to Institutional mechanisms which ensure poverty planning at central level Local level coordination and community participation and Establishment and use of a poverty monitoring and analysis system.

Dove, the Brand to Beat Essay

dove is a brand under the some harvest-feasts of Unilever. It was in the 1890s when William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros popularized cleanliness and hygiene with his introduction of the sunniness guck in Victorian England. The Sunlight muck led the advocacy to stage up cleanliness super acidplace to lessen work for women to foster health and conduct to private attractiveness, that life ay be more enjoyable and rewarding for the muckle who drug abuse our products. (www.dove.com)For three centuries, Unilever has proven its success everyplace economic booms, depressions, innovation wars and the changing lifestyle of its consumers as the world advanced through technology. come down is the jumper cart track skin c be product since 1957. It is clinicall(a)y proven and has been celeb castd to be good for dry sensitive skin which half the women in the world has. And since the 1980s, go down has launched more load-bearing(a) products to the muck discontinue suc h(prenominal) as moisturizing body wash, deodorants, body lotions, facial cleansers, shampoos and conditioners. All of these products atomic number 18 aimed to calculate skin needs comprehensively bringing out the true cozy cup of tea of women. genus Columba is boasts of its number one in the race of nea tenner brands with double-digit growth data. Sales in everyplace 80 countries argon over 2.5 billion a form. They estimate that over 1 billion showers atomic number 18 done exploitation plunge products all(prenominal) year in the US only when. The success is due to the brands keeping of its clinically proven promises and understanding of its actually market place. Studies show that only 12 % of women atomic number 18 very satisfied with their sensual attractiveness. 2% of women articulate themselves as beautiful. 68% experiences that media almost always sets unreal standards of beauty and the 75% hopes that media would better itself in portraying diversity in wom ens physical attractiveness that includes size, shape and age. genus Columba is actively try to address the root of the problem of negative self-image. Dove has founded the Dove self-assertion Fund, which funds programs to raise self-esteem in girls and young women. In the US, its working through the Unilever Foundation to sponsor a partnership with misfire Scouts, called uniquely ME It also supports the BodyTalk education program for schools in the UK and Canada. (www.dove.com)The Dove vanity Fund has come along way since consumers saw that water alone was not enough to clean oneself. American consumers of the new millennium are more demanding than ever and observe minded. Dove consumers pay a high price for Dove due to its after gross revenue value. The target market of Dove are the people who can afford to put a premium for added market values compared to cheaper alternatives such as Ivory.According to exclusive, Cosmetics, chemical substance Specialties, aging baby-boomer s were looking for milder, less irritating products. Soaps using vegetable-based fats, with no creature fats or animal testing, were also in demand. Other popular items include loofahs, oatmeal products, and chamomile leaves. In general, customers demanded performance and value in all their soap, shampoo, and detergent products, which were the driving factors behind the soap and detergents industry at the crack of the century. (Thompsons, 2006)All these added value makes Dove cost more than the average clean product. Value leaders attempt to offer the best product at the cheapest price. These products cannot compare on quality and in the short term, competes for the value of each dollar. Ivory products advertise themselves on the price pitch that does not elapse to Dove products. Each Dove product commercial does not course credit price. this kind of advertising strategy may increase Ivory income by sell more quantity but soaps such as Dove and Dial remain successful as well by selling more expensive and keeping loyal customers at lesser volumes.The banish soap market, which had grown at an average rate of near 4.1 share annually in the early 1980s, entered the 1990s with a growth rate of about 4.9 percent. Beauty bars comprised the fastest growing segment of the bar soap market, with gross revenue increasing at a rate of about 7 percent per year. Later in the decade, however, bar soap began to stomach some ground to shower gels. In 1998, bar soap sales grew only 1.5 percent in value and slipped 4.5 percent in unit terms, while shower gel sales increased dramatically. However, even with their 18.1 sales gain in 1998, the shower gel market, with total sales of $450 million, remained reasonably less than a third the size of the bar soap market, which total $1.4 billion in value in 1998. (Thompsons, 2006)Dove has been successful in its campaign to increase and sustain loyal consumers due to its steadfast supporting of its timeless belief in their ori ginal product. examined to the rest of the competition, Dove remained the soap that held on to its added moisture selling point. From that, Dove has evolved and widened its strategies in cornering a wider and world(a) market. For one, its campaign-promoting self-esteem in women cuts above the rest.The campaign for real beauty ad that models larger than average smiling women in white under get out has sent advertisers of different soaps amok. The message of this ad is a statement against the plebeian advertisers that project the beautiful woman with impossibly physical proportions. This strategy of using controversy for advertising worked so very much for Dove.The women in these photos appear to acknowledge who they are and the way their bodies look. Sue Ontiveros of the Chicago Sun-Times says, Its the joy on their faces that I really like. Theres just so much happiness in their smiles that I feel as if these women are aphorism this is the real me and I like her. Boy, is that r are and just the message Id like females to get and embrace. Just because your booty cant fit into a size four doesnt mean youre not sexy. The joy and confidence of the Dove models allows them to look sexy without having to wear seductive facial expressions. (www.campaignforealbeuty.com)The gainsay that lies on the Dove self-esteem campaigns is to make sure that they do not get caught playing dickens sides. A teener realizes that the big women ad was sporting big tight thighs. Dove was get the most of this because their thigh-tightening product was being launched. A critic also realise that letting women with underwear pose on camera was still diminish respect for women even if they were all size large.The most significant challenge that advertisers faced was fueled by the growing spheric concern of consumers over environmental issues. Consumers demanded that products like Dove have to be manufactured and marketed using earth-friendly products and processes without sacrificing quality. Doves dishwashing watery leads their earth-friendly products. Using the dishwashing liquid leaves the hands moisturized, the plates squeaky clean and the rivers unpollutedAnother important strategy for Dove products to stay in the lead is using technology to farther their market reach. The website of Dove and its dealers are well-made and very user friendly. get online is very convenient. Using the internet as part of the marketing efforts, Dove can ensure the existence of its loyal customers who pays more to buy Dove soap. The prices below gathered from the websites show comparisons in prices of different common leading bath soaps. Dove fits in the middle of the price war as it is appreciated by the market as the soap that has more value compared to the usual everyday common soaps such as Dial and sliding board but not too expensive like the signature and metier soaps like Cetaphil or Neutrogena.Price ComparisonsDove 3.08Dial 0.99Ivory 1.89Cetaphil 4.09Neutrogena 3.95 sailplaning 1.20Table 1. User ratings between Dove competitorsProduct namePears SoapImperial Leather Original SoapPalmolive Original Soap lay offDove Extra Sensitive Cream BarLux milk & Honey Beauty SoapOilatum Soap BarCamay Classic- Toilet SoapOverall user ratingRecommended by 100%(13 Reviews)Recommended by 95%(19 Reviews)Recommended by 50%(6 Reviews)Recommended by 86%(28 Reviews)Recommended by 100%(1 Review)Recommended by 100%(2 Reviews)Recommended by 33%(3 Reviews)http//www.ciao.co.uk/product_comparison.php?Pid=1%2C10%2C10534%2C15372%2C5015455%2C5231365&IDs%5B%5D=70462&IDs%5B%5D=70445&IDs%5B%5D=70457&IDs%5B%5D=70440&IDs%5B%5D=70450&IDs%5B%5D=5628139&IDs%5B%5D=70438&Compare=Compare The table above shows user ratings from the ciao website. Recommendations between Dove competitors are tabulated. Though Dove Extra Sensitive Cream Bar had an 86% recommendation ratings, it had the most number of reviews totaling 28 as compared to Imperial flog Original Soap that seconded the l ist with 18 reviews, a far ten reviews short of Dove. This short sampling willing show that there are more Dove users who connect to the internet as compared to the other products. Dove moves forward in its goal to build a strategic global master brand. Backed by Unilevers expertise in product branding, Dove with its good quality material for hygiene and beauty conservation will continue to focus on making their brand lead by promoting the value of their brand as against the price of the soap. Dove was an indorsement hit, generating $55 million in sales its first six months, per instruction Resources Inc. This year, sales climbed to $79 million for the 52 weeks ended April 22. Doves current market share stands at 4.7%, equal that of Procter and Gambles darkened Spice. P&Gs obscure brands still jointly dominate the $1.6 billion category, but have been losing share to Dove. Total Secret sales were $229 million as of April 22, down 8% from $248 million for the year ended Sept. 1 0, 2000, per IRI. (Ward, 2003) I have personally using Dove for the old ten years and have been more than twice tempted to try other brands. Though I did try out one or two other brands during such time, I always went back to using Dove because of its simplicity, truthfulness and mission to add social value to a common daily commodity. In a world where brand names are easily communicated with visuals only technology knows how far will go, Dove will remain as a trustworthy partner in my personal health care.ReferencesU.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Industry and Trade Out-look 99. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1999.U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1997 economical Census. Washington, D.C. GPO, 1999.Van Arnum, Patricia. Consumer Product Majors Soak in a re-create Outlook. Chemical Market Reporter, FR3-5.Ward, John. 2003. Does Market Share Really Apply to orchard apple tree? http//www.vectronicsappleworld.com/2003/opinion/0306.htmlwww.ciao.comwww.dove.comwww.answers.comDoves extension into deodorant is a premier(a) example of Unilevers long-term strategy to build a set of global master brands with new products and heavy marketing support. The launch was support by more than $30 million in media spending, a level usually reserved for new brands. Dove marketers also wanted to sustain a product specifically for women. While a number of actual brands are gender neutral (Ban, Sure) or targeted to men (Brut, Right Guard, Old Spice), not since P&G introduced decades-old Secret has a manufacturer captured the corporate attention of the female audience.Preferred language style English(U.S.) Dove Soap (brand I want researched on)Think about a product you love, that you use all the time. In this first part of the assignment, your goal is to uncover as much research about the brand and it competitors as possible. Youll want to know the history of the brand, the characteristics of the people who buy/use the brand, and everything else possible about it. provid ed dont forget to look into the competition. What are they doing right? What are they doing wrong? 5 pages 4 sourcesHistoryCharacteristics of its marketCompetition preconditionWhat they are doing right?What they are doing wrong?

Microeconomics Coursework †Minimum wage Essay

Negative externalities be the undesirable effects of the using up or production of a good on outsiders (individuals or firms) that atomic number 18 not accounted for in the private market (market for private firms and individuals) and atomic number 18 then called spillover effects. For example in the case of tobacco, the disallow externalities are health and are risks to the users and the people around them, pollution of the surrounding areas, addiction etc. It is a type of market ruin. market place failure is when a market kit and boodle badly or is absent completely. In this case, the market is overproducing tobacco therefore it is a market failure.This indicates that the social upbeat is less than private benefit i.e. benefit to individuals. This can be shown in the market diagram for tobacco.Market for tobacco showing negative externalitiesQuantity of tobacco (hundreds of tonnes)MSB is the marginal social benefit (social posit). It is the demand curve showing social d emand for tobacco. MPB is the marginal private benefit (individual demand). The vertical distance between the 2 demand curves is the negative externality, i.e. P3-P2. When MSB = MPB, there is no market failure as the good is not being overproduced anymore. Therefore to decrease the negative externality, it must be incorporated into the price, thus decreasing the quantity demanded to comprise the MSB equilibrium quantity (Q1).Tobacco is thus a defect good1. It is not only supplied in the form of cigarettes but also in the form of tobacco pouches that can be used in roll-up cigarettes. Consumers are switching from cigarettes to roll-ups because the appraise on tobacco pouches is less than that on cigarettes.The UK governing has levied an average tax of 75 90% on a big bucks of cigarettes whereas the tax on roll-up tobacco is just below 70 portion. One solution to reduce the consumption of tobacco is to increase the tax on tobacco as a whole instead of on cigarettes or tobacco pouches. The supply will therefore shift to the left. This is shown in the diagram below.

Atlantic Aquaculture

Atlantic Aquaculture, Inc. Capital Budgeting with Staged Entry head 1 A Even though Atlantic Aquaculture already bought the trim down needed for 300,000 USD, its tax today is 900,000 USD. We passel therefore conclude the 900,000 USD is an hazard cost as the reduce can be sold at this observe. B In this grammatical case it is best for the go with to use the selection to the land acquisition. By calculating the NPV the option is deserving $-852,093. 66. Buying the land without the option would bring the company stand to $-900,000. 00. We used a throw out rate of 6%, as this is linked with the appreciation of the land annually.The computing of the NPV can be found in Appendix A. challenge 2 A The R&D specie f petty(a)s atomic number 18 $48,000 annually for the eld 1998, 1999 and 2000. In 1996 we are able to vindication imposees with the appreciation. At a tax rate of 40% this result in a tax shield worth $144,000. B From the case is known that the salvage regar d as go forth scarce be taxed when the buildings are actually sold, as long as the assets value is half(prenominal) of the book value the cut-rate sale entrust go through with. Take note that a 40% tax rate is used to calculate the tax shield. C The currency f funkys are shown in the Appendix B.Question 3 As can be seen in the Appendix C the biggish puke, while taking into cast a rwacc of 9% and the expectation that there exit be risque rent and extravagantly suppuration opportunities for the tautens products the Net interpret Value of the firm will be $17,140,000. 00. An Internal Rate of ingathering will be genuinelyized of 25. 83%. Furthermore the MIRR is calculated as 21. 54% and the payback period of the project is 7. 05 years. Taking all separate factors the same, when the firm is building a littler facility, the NPV would be $11,723,000. 00, the IRR 23. 39%, the MIRR 18. 5% and the period in which the costs will be paid back 7. 18 years. Question 4 A In th e Appendix the concludinge trees are shown and the following elements deserve attention. The nodes start with having high/low bespeak being 10,000 or 5,000 respectively. There is a 75% chance hire will be high, while 25% probability that demand will be low. The following pair of nodes, given differing probabilities (as can be seen in the Appendix) leads to the yearly inter heighten die hards. In de first years it is obvious that the notes flows are negative as the start-up investments see some weight on the cash flows.From 1998 onwards, as gross revenue start to increase and costs mitigate the flows of cash are imperious. In row three and four the cash flows, given a low demand of 5,000 units sold with their corresponding probabilities. It is dispatch that the costs definitely outweigh the revenues for the first few years, more than in the best-case term in rows one and two. Interesting to see that in the final row, there is only a dictatorial cash flow enter in the fin al year of the project. In this case we can explicate the NPV values of all probabilities very straightforward.With the given information the cash flows will be negative in case the demand will be low. However we need to make a remark on this step-down of the results. By calculating the expect NPV (which is the sum of the probabilities of each high/low demand occurring times their corresponding NPVs). This gives in the end a positive NPV so investors can assume this project will be successful. B The giving up lines basically represent a situation in which the project is stopped for continuation. What is interesting to notice is that the NPV of the project that continued are humble than the projects where the project was dismantled.Note too that this only app prevarications to the situation in where a low demand is judge. The NPV in those cases when the projects are throw in the toweled is equal to the salvage value of the equipment and buildings. C As the flexibility of the project gets smaller, the NPV will get smaller and due to high volatility the standard deviation will increase. Question 5 A Due to the fact that there is an extra purpose node the tree looks plumpingger. This extra decisiveness is namely the decision to flourish the political platformt or leave it in its current state. B As this is not possible to trace back from the information we can echo from the case.As the decision to expand or not to expand lies at the province of the passenger cars at the firm, probabilities are not able to be calculated here. However, the manager will always choose the option with the higher NPV. Question 6 As can be seen from the given data, in terms of expected Net Present Values, the large bring seems to have a big advantage over the smaller project with NPVs of $9,028,000 and $8,062,000 respectively. On the gamble stance however the standard deviation of the small project is al about half of the large project. It is consequential to menti on at this point that building a new go under appears dangerier.In accordance to that one should use a assay adjustment merged in the cost of capital which should be higher that the discount rate of the small project. Question 7 As the risk coefficient of the large project is 1. 15 and it is known that most projects of Atlantic lie between 0. 5 and 0. 7 the large project is considered to be a lot more risky compared to the small project which has a risk coefficient of just 0. 65. Question 8 The reassessment of possibilities has the consequence that standard deviation, covariance and NPV change as well.Lrge Plant D=60% G=50% D=75% G= 80% D=90% G=90% Small Plant D=60% G= 50% D=75% G=80% D=90% G=90% E(NPV) 3327,95 9028,20 13459,36 E(NPV) 6314,35 8008,17 10049,99 Std. Dev 9827,17 10341,43 7869,12 Std. Dev 4871,06 5375,57 4017,85 Coeff. Of Var. 2,95 1,15 0,58 Coeff. Of Var. 0,77 0,67 0,40 The results show that an increase in demand and growth probabilities for both of the plants (s mall and large) results in a higher expected NPV, dishonor standard deviation and light correlation, leading to a higher risk- return payoff.Decreasing sign demand to 60% and high growth possibilities to 50% simultaneously, leads to a decrease in expected NPV, while increasing standard deviation and the covariance leading to a lower risk- return payoff. Furthermore, one can observe that in absolute and in relative terms, the impact on the small plant of increasing/ change magnitude initial demand and growth opportunities does not have as a great influence as on the large plant. Question 9 A sensitivity epitome can help to underline the most important factors affecting the success of a firm or a project.In this case we have articulated success in terms of NPV and have used input factors such as variable costs, units sold, gross revenue expense and WACC). With respect to the two different plants one can observe that NPV is comparatively more sensitive to the mentioned factors in the case of the small plant. Furthermore, regarding the line of gross revenue prices one can see that this is by far the line with the highest positive slope (coefficient), while fixed costs has the shallowest slope. The interpretation therefore is that sales prices have the biggest impact on expected NPV.Furthermore it is worth mentioning that the slope (and the impact) of WACC is sooner high (negative) for the large plant. Since the variable costs for the large plant are lower at a rate of 60% compared to 65% of the small plant, one can observe that the sensitivity of the small plants NPV is also relatively high. Question 10 In the Case of scenario analysis it is important to mention that in contrast to the analysis mentioned above, probabilities are constitute to each of the different scenarios. Atlantic Aquaculture Inc. uses best and worst case scenarios (high initial demand/ low initial demand).In addition to that, a scenario analysis appoints a base case as well. This should be done utilizing a probability of 50% for the base scenario and probabilities for the best and worst should lie at 25% respectively. Independent factors should again be inputs such as variable costs, units sold, sales price and the weighted average of the cost of capital. These inputs should be appointed to a realistic assessment of range they could approach to. The dependent variable logically should be the net present values of the different scenarios.In terms of the ranges of separatist variables it should be noted, that these could be obtained by examining historical data of the company in addition to an examination and assessment of company and market environment. Question 11 A Monte Carlo simulation typically provides one with an overwhelmingly high amount of simulations, whereas a change of all the variables occurs on a hit-or-miss basis. However, only the average of these is of importance. The input incorporates the correlations of all the variables included. The output i s then verbalized in the form of samples of NPVs.It is perceived as a more advanced(a) way of conducting a scenario analysis. However, it is also perceived as very ethereal in terms of the conduction itself. Question 12 Indeed the abandonment opportunity represents a real put option. This is due to the fact that the company can abandon the project and receive a terminal value. However, this is only reasonable if Atlantic Aquaculture Inc. sells the plant when the salvage value is higher than the value of the discounted future cash flows otherwise received from the project. In this case the real put option would be in the money and vice versa.Regarding the decision tree, with respect to the low demand and low growth opportunity for plan L one can see that the decision of abandonment or not changes the NPV of the project from $-9. 316. 000 to $-6. 711. 000. Regarding the scenario of low initial demand and high growth opportunities the choice to abandon changes the NPV from $-6. 940. 000 to $-6. 439. 000. In both cases it appears to be feasible to abandon the project, thus the value of the put option is positive. Plan S on the other side represents a call option since one can decide to buy the facilities or not.Furthermore, the put option for the large plant can be calculated as follows This leads us to a value of $546. 050, which indeed is positive. Question 13 In general, it can be utter that both plans have a positive expected NPV overall. However, the smaller plant is the favorable option, since it provides Atlantic Aquaculture with the best risk- return payoff.. Furthermore, if opting for the large plant it is important to mention that the value of the put- option is positive, so in the worst case Atlantic Aquaculture should opt out when facing low initial demand and either low or high growth potential.However, it is also worth mentioning that a risk adjusted cost of capital should be incorporated when calculating for the NPV. Appendices Appendix A Append ix B Cash flows large firm Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Net income 0 0 436 438 1122 1806 2521 3202 3990 Depreciation 0 0 954 1566 1146 846 630 630 630 Op cash flow 0 0 1390 2004 2268 2652 3151 3832 4620 Cap cash flow -1044 -12300 -427 -496 -574 -711 -814 -931 7397 Net cash flow -1044 -12300 962 1509 1694 1940 2337 2900 43940 Cash flows small firm Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Net income 0 0 1083 919 1129 1298 1440 1506 1575 Depreciation 0 0 553 920 668 488 359 359 359 Op cash flow 0 0 1636 1840 1798 1787 1799 1865 1934 Cap cash flow -1044 -8364 -95 -100 -106 -160 -167 -173 4510 Net cash flow -1044 -8364 1542 1739 1691 1626 1632 1691 19042 Appendix C LARGE hard SMALL FIRM WACC 9. 00% 9. 00% NPV $17. 140 $7. 633 IRR 25. 83% 22. 78% MIRR 21. 54% 17. 92% PAYBACK 7. 05 years 6. 97 years

Alcoholism: Alcoholic Beverage and Life Essay

Why do mickle sop up alcohol? To trim down stress, to relax, to show off, or out-of-pocket to peer pressure. One of e really long dozen adult drink alcohol. According to the article FTC report cites mitigatement in alcohol industry self-regulation, Fourteen million Ameri freighter suffered health, psychological, social, and genetics business due to excess drinking of alcohol (federal trade commission). It has caused a sedate problem in the society. Even after carrying into action the law of no drinking and driving, these drinking and driving problem has been frequently seen in the society. galore(postnominal) people has involved in sever accident and also, has lost(p) their curious liveliness. Many people who dont drink has also been the victim of these alcoholic problem. I decided to choose alcohol addiction as my topic because I was also once a victim of alcohol. variant plans has been make in by the government and other social assistance organization to control the drinking habit of the somebody. Since alcoholism has been a solid problem in the present society, the government and other organization has been executing different laws and regulation to control it.One of the major step is establishing the renewal center. The article alcoholism and drug rehab stated that, Research studies eat base that certain approaches to addiction sermon and afterc atomic number 18 works better than other. This approaches in establishing a rehab center can cooperate a lots of citizens (Recovery Connection). The phrases addiction treatment and after care works better refers that alcoholics rehabilitation is given more priority to the government to reduce the alcoholism. This kinds of plans are frequently executed by the government to help the citizens and to create safe society.Other several laws uniform no drinking in public areas, age regulation (drinking bar until the person is 21 old age old), ID checking while buying liquor, cadence to date invest igation to make sure that all these rules are followed strictly are run by the government. All this above are the plans and laws used by the government to control the alcoholism. I had been a victim of alcohol by the habit drinking it excessively due to peer pressure. I was existent a very luxurious live. I had a wonder job, joyful family, and reputation. But one small mistake changed my life. My friend name Anthony bao said, Hey in that location is a hard drinks in our home inside cupboard. You want to try. It audition really candid. There is no one on my home function now (bao). This small incident occur when I was 16 years old. I penchant the liquor that day for the low gear conviction in my life and forgot those moments for 4 years. And again I started to drink when I was with my friends. It taste sweet. I started liking it and every day I started to drink a little bit. I got habituated with it and addicted to it. I was kicked out from my house. I lost my job. Eventually I started spending all the money I get and saved. I act like a home slight.Nobody was willing to help me looking at my condition. I faced a lots of annoyance reading the blank space. In this way, I faced horrible situation due to alcohol addiction. I overcome the problem with the help of my friend who showed me the remediate path. He fine the way for me to be a legal guy. He admitted me to the rehabilitation center, where I develop my habit and came out as a good guy. My friend name Azam khan said, This is the best I can do for you. This is one of the best place I can die you to develop your habit (khan). He helped me in the very self-aggrandising situation where I could develop into a very good person.I was first given very high amount of alcohol to drink, but lastly they reduce the amount and finally stopped it. For the first time in the life I tangle good about myself. I felt like I honorable woke up from the worst dream. I appreciated my friends study that I can be go od again. When I sometimes look back to my life, I feel disconcert on myself. I was back to the good guy again. I showed my sobriety. Therefore, my parents forgave me, my good friends were back with me, and I got a same position job. I started backing a wonderful life. During this struggle of life, I learned a precious experience after this incident.I went to such a terrible time in my life. I shortly got addicted to alcohol, it harmed me for a long time, and it took me a long time to recover. I tender it was just a acidic dream. But still I am trying to forget it as bitter dream. It was such a long process of recovery on the life, but I end up with learning a expensive lesson. I realize that I was sprightliness my life as a dead person. All my friends, parents, and relatives used to hate me. I was just living a disgusting life. I said to myself, wow Such a wonderful life I am living right now. A while ago, I was hated and today I am love by all.Thanks to god. One famous act or Brian welch, In 2005 Brians life changed when he experienced a dramatic conversion to a non-alcoholic person. He was addicted to alcohol and then sought solitude in order to cleanse himself of addiction. He credits God with his rehabilitation (welch). It was just a wonderful moment after I got rid of alcohol. He shared his experience about how he was sought himself and addiction. He gave a credit to the god for helping him to get rid of alcohol. He could neer imagine being in that condition again. In this process of life I learn the valuable lesson that alcohol is a poison.I wish even my bad-wisher would not have to live such kind of life. by and by a long hard treatment, I got a positive give after the recovery within a very short time comparing to other people. Many people were surprised and happy that I recover from that world of alcohol pretty fast. One of the instructor said, I was really surprised when I saw him making a dawdling progress about ignoring alcohol. Some pe ople takes years and years to totally stop it, but I am glad he made in such short time of eight months. After I was released from the rehab center, I came as totally as a new person and with new life.I really started appreciating that my life has been changed and everything is back to normal again. I loved the life without conflict with friends, family and no humiliation. Since I showed the positive takings I was really happy. According to the casa palmera, more than 43% of people have trouble with changing the alcoholics habit within less than three years (alcohol rehabilitation statistics). This above quotation argues that fact that people in US who are send to victim of alcoholism just show the positive change in very short tip of time.It has been a serious problems for the government and many families who have been going through miserable condition due to the alcohol addiction to their family members. My family and I myself was friendly to get out of this horrible addictio n in a very short period without being any late. This was one of the best perception I got. In this way, I showed very good result and improve myself then other people. Therefore, to share my short life with alcohol I decided to choose to write the essay about this alcohol addiction. I was lucky enough to get rid of it now and live a wonderful life.I highly appreciate the hard work and believe of my family, friends, and instructor from rehab center. I would suggest people to never, even by mistake, drink the alcohol. It ruins your life, your money, your reputation, and pretty much everything. People can do their part by showing sobriety, making friends after really knowing them and never falling in the trap of friend circle if they have a bad influence. Credits to Alcoholism and Drug Rehab FAQs. Alcoholism Treatment and Drug Rehab link up FAQs. N. p. , 2 July 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.Bao, Anthony. How I started drinking personal, 1 February 2007. 26 Feb. 2013. national Trade Com missionProtecting Americas Consumers. FTC Report Cites Improvements in Alcohol fabrication Self-Regulation. Federal Trade Commision, 9 Sept. 2009. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Khan, Azam. How he helped me improved personal, 2 may 2008. 26 Feb. 2013. Welch, Brian. 10 Celebrities Who Overcame Their Addictions. Beliefnet. com. Beleifnet, n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. 866-768-6719 Why Casa Treatments Location Admissions. Casa Palmera. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All

William Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the dandyest writer of all clip, he was often called the Bard of Avon. Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unparalleled and have quantifyless theme that touch everyones heart, and are static widely studied and per chassised in todays society. During the reign of queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that led to a sassy era for England.Shakespeares works epitomize arts of the Elizabethan age through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always use in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes about the human disposition surrounded themes of true love, revenge, origin-lust, ambition, anger, war, etc, they are not only call downed to the raft of Elizabethan England, tho besides provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire and was baptized on April 26, 1564.His father was a wool merchant and his let was the daughter of a landowner. The next documented event was his marriage when he was 18 years old to Anne Hathaway who was 26 years old at that time, and they had three children. There was an other(a) gap where some scholars referred to as the bewildered years, and so he was working in a athletic field in London in 1592. Shakespeare wrote his very first-class honours degree play, heat content VI, musical composition One in 1589-90, and in1590-91, Shakespeare wrote Henry VI, collapse Two and Henry VI, Part III. Shakespeares poetry appeared before his plays, his narrative poems Venus and Adonis as his first ever publication in 1593.Then Shakespeare wrote plays began to be noticed by the public, and sooner became ordinary. During the Renaissance in Europe there was a great innovation of science the Ch urch had lost some of the corruptive power that once held over Europe, and mountain were again free to look second upon the pagan scholars and writers of Greece and Rome. Plays by playwrights such as Euripides, Plautus, and Seneca which were once banned by the Church were once again beingness read and performed. Likewise, the cultural stories of the people were once again being told in public, and playwrights, including Shakespeare, were widely performed.An good case would be Midsummer nighttimes Dream, Shakespeare utilize ancient Celtic and Greek unreal figures such as Puck, Oberon, Theseus and placed them in a different time and place, only with their original characteristics. Other plays, such as Romeo and Juliet make references to popular mythological figures like Queen Mab to make the story fit interrupt into their world. Since people of all classes attended plays, playwrights needed to use stories, characters and words that would appeal to everyone.England in the time before the reign of Elizabeth I was under a state of religious turmoil. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she banned the performances all religious plays and stories (except in Church) to attention stop the violence over religion. Popular plays were not agelong be performed, and playwrights were now free to concentrate on secular stories. They pacify contained some elements of religion, as did everyday life in Elizabethan England, but it was not the primary focus, nor did it play a partitionicularly important part of the story.Conventions from Medieval religious theatre found its way into Elizabethan subject, however, and Shakespeare make good use of them during their performances, such as using the trap entry for the gravediggers scene in Hamlet. The Hellmouth and trapdoor, which had been a staple of Medieval airfields continued to be used, and were built into the permanent theatre structures used in the performances of Elizabethan plays. Shakespeares histories, such as Henry V, were a tribute to the Monarch and to the country.Many playwrights and other artists paid homage to their patrons, including Shakespeare. By writing about the glories of England and her former rulers he was paying homage to Queen Elizabeth and England. Since the arts were kept alive by patrons, it was best not to anger one and lose your support. Shakespeare sometimes, such as in Hamlet, criticized the Monarchy, but in a way that would not be obvious or outwardly treasonous. He spoke his mind, but also paid lip service to keep money coming from his patron. Shakespeare was a very prolific writer, because his writings are not totally original.He had help with many of his plays from other writers and actors, such as Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), resulted people doubting that he himself wrote his plays. King Lear is based on a Celtic myth, and Hamlet is a retelling of earlier versions of the same story. Elizabethan plays use stock-type characters like those found in Comedi a DelArte and Roman plays, and actors would specialize in specific types of roles. The English Renaissance Theatre played a signifi send packingt part of Elizabethan theatre and Shakespeares playwright career. The theatre has a proscenium-arch stage, and seatings on hree tiers (stalls, circle and balcony). Shakespeare first worked for Lord Stranges hands in The Rose, it is Londons most historic Elizabethan Theatre on Bankside and a home to many of Shakespeares and Marlowes first production. When the ground was built, He worked for the Lord Chamberlains Men, and was also part owner of the Globe itself. People in Elizabethan England were very concerned with the humour, which was a form of medicine and psychological science. Shakespeare makes references to them all over in his plays. Hamlet is portrayed as being to Melancholic, with his humours out of balance, and one was dominant over the others.This is not psychology as we know it today, and was why the people from Elizabethan Era believed people were the way they were. Shakespeare used this belief to make his characters not only believable, but also understandable to his audience. Shakespeares works are the superlative image of art from Elizabethan England politically, economically, and socially. No other art form, including painting, could provide so much information about life in Elizabethan England, we can see the ideas, thoughts, languages, customs, etc throughout his plays. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets and 37 plays in total, including tragedy, comedy, and history.The Four Great Tragedies were his greatest achievement as a playwright, and are greatly studied in English literature, performed in theatre, and made into several films include Romeo and Juliet (1594), the timeless account of young lovers whose names were synonymous with star-crossed romance Hamlet (1600), the revenge romp centering on the introspective Prince of Denmark Othello (1604), a story of gallant soldier and loving husband was und one by jealousy and Macbeth (1605), known as The Scottish Play, concerning a noblemans overweening ambition.These plays focused on mesomorphic central characters with outstanding personal qualities, and the antagonists were their own strengths, their family, and the society, which would not allow then to get what they wanted. For example, Romeo and Juliet sought for true love, but they were forbidden to love from each one other because their families weremortal enemies, and the story ended tragically where Romeo drugged himself and Juliet stabbed herself with a dagger.Audience of all times are appalled at this paradox and at the inexorability of his characters fate in which because part of our human nature and the harshness of our society, we dont always get what we desired deeply. Other tragedies include Julius Caesar (1599), King Lear (1604), Timon of capital of Greece (1607), etc. Comedies includeMerchant of Venice (1596),Midsummer Nights Dream 1595),Twelfth Night (1599),Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594), etc.History includesHenry IV, Part I (1597),Henry IV, Part II (1597),Henry V (1598),Henry VI, Part I (1591),Henry VI, Part II (1590),Henry VI, Part III (1590),Henry VIII (1612),Richard II (1595),Richard III (1592), King John, etc. Iambic pentameter is meter that Shakespeare nearly used when writing in verse. The reason why Shakespeares works are always extraordinary is because most of his plays were written in iambic pentameter, except for lower-class characters who speak in prose.Iambic Pentameter has ten syllables in each line, five pairs of alternate(a) unstressed and stressed syllables. Some examples of Shakespearean Iambic Pentameter is Two households, both alike in dignity. , In fair Verona, where we lay our scene. , But, soft what gay through yonder window breaks? , etc. Shakespeares influence continued to relate the society today, hisplays are being performed constantly throughout the world.Every day, one of his plays is being performed somewh ere, and probably more than one place. More than 410 feature-length film and TV versions of Shakespeares plays or adaption, have been produced, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language, including Romeo and Juliet (1968), Romeo+Juliet (1996), West Side Story (1961), Gnomeo and Juliet (2011), Othello (1965), Othello (1995), Macbeth (1948), The Tragedy of Macbeth (1971), etc.Some films used Shakespeare as a character, such asShakespeare in Love (1998) is a pretended love story about Shakespeares romance with a noblewoman, at the time of writing Romeo and Juliet. Many universities offer courses on Shakespeare, such as Shakespeare Studies MA from University of Birmingham, Shakespeare special subject courses from University of Cambridge, Shakespeare and Films from University of Notre Dame, Shakespeare Studies from Boston College, etc.

First aid impotance

Here be eight reasons you should take youngster cardiopulmonary resuscitation and First assist 1 . There argon differences mingled with Infant CPR and Child CPR, including hand placement the technique for compressions how racy to push the technique to give a breath. 2. Practice matters We know from lore that the retention of CPR skills is at best 6 months without review, and a revision in skills complicates the issue. The American Heart Association recommends everyone should take a CPR class every two years but f you simply took Infant CPR, you havent yet learned what to do on a tyke older than one. . Your toddler is mobile. This developmental fact changes a lot Injuries are now more common. And since a toddler is still gaining a smell out of balance and his head is still heavy, the majority of falls in a toddler impact the head and face. Would you know what to do? 4. First Aid is used on a weekly, if not daily, basis for most toddlers designate of everything your toddl er gets into these days. Theyre more ndependent, exploring their world, and testing limits.Well discuss how to make their environment safer. prevention is key. 5. Choking is more common. Young children, ages 1-5 are at a high risk for choking since they are now take in new foods, and are also more likely to try to run while eating or not properly chew their food. The choke-saving skills are different for children than infants, so again that hands-on practice is important 6. A chance to pct experiences. In almost everyChild CPR and First Aid class, there are a few people who have already been to the ER with their toddler or called their pediatrician with concerns over an injury. Learn from other parents 7. This class is for entirely caregivers. Anyone who cares for your toddler needs to have this knowledge. Nannies, grandparents, parents. 8. Youll have the skills to save a life. I saved my daughters life. As an American Heart Association instructor, as the course Manager for CP R and Safety at Isis, and most importantly as a parent, I want you to have these skills, too.

Evaluate factors that influenced the effectiveness of each interaction Essay

In this piece of coursework I depart be analysing and evaluating the factors that crop the effectiveness of distributively fundamental interaction in relation to the unmatched(a) to genius set at a GPs for a longanimous that has really bad back pains and is complaining astir(predicate) how exquisite the pain is. I based the unmatched to one interaction on a enduring with back problems and theyve come to the GPs for something to be given to them. I thought of this because its something I went through and I thought it would be nice to let people know what serve I went through and how hard it was. The first factor, I thought that influenced the one to one interaction was the patient and doctor taking moments maculation lecture and not interrupting. Turn taking is a major factor that involves our normal lifestyle and its championful because you know you will get a turn at having your own say. Turn taking helps out a lot especially if you are with younger children or at a GP.For pattern, the patient came to her doctor and she told her doctor what was unconventional with her and how much shes in pain, the doctor listened to her while she was public lecture and didnt ask questions until she finished talking then, the doctor answered all her questions and asked her own questions trying to figure out what was wrong nearly that patient and what actions will need to be taken for the patient to olfactory property better. Towards the end the doctor referred the patient to her local hospital for an roentgen ray to see whats going on. Whats good about turn taking is that everyone listens to each other and you dont get break likewise you know youll puzzle enough time to talk while others countenance a chance to think about questions to ask you. The sulphur factor I realised that influenced the one to one interaction was hearing. audience is letting people talk and you concentrating on just what they are saying, earshot is a very important commun ication skill because if you dont listen you may misunderstand something which may leads you to thinking differently and intuitive feeling in set up.Read more Describe factors which may influence childrens education essayListening was one factor that influenced the one to one interaction because if one of us didnt listen while the other individual was talking we may have not heard what they were saying or concentrated enough to understand what they were saying which can lead to broad wrong answers which could be a problem to the persons health thats why when others are talking you ever becomeingly have to listen. For example, in the one to one interaction Emily was my partner and she helped me concentrate listening toher because little things distract me well so I had to make sure I listened to her also, we had our script which was use as a prop if we missed out something we carried on listening to each other while looking at what was said to not give the wrong answer. We liste ned to each other because we knew how important listening is and we were triple-crown at getting through the one to one interaction without not knowing what was going on because we listened to each other.The third factor that also had an influence on the one to one interaction was discover towards each other. Respecting each other shows you give them pride and you are happy about what they are saying or doing also, respect comes from learning to care about people from older ages because we have to respect people to get on with life if we dont respect then there could be takes. Respect is very important because we all have to respect everyone no reckon what their race, gender, age or features are we have to because we live in a society that moves with respect. For example, if we didnt respect the army that looks after the estate for losing their lives to make the world a much happier place and for us to be safe then that will be a major consequence because whats the point of th ose people dying for us if we cant have a little respect for them. The reason why I thought respect had a influence in the one to one interaction was because if we didnt respect each other we wouldnt have been suitable to understand each other and we wouldnt have been able to do the doctor and patient script because a doctor always has to respect their patients no matter what happens they have to so does the patient too.An example of this would be, when the patient walked into the room I felt the respect from the patient by the way they answered me and facial expressions. This had a big impact on the interaction because it made it less awkward to talk with the patient and not altogether was the patient comfortable with asking questions to do with her illness but as a doctor being able to have enough respect from a patient to ask them what areas of the back hurts and being able to have a look at the patients back to check whats wrong. The last factor that had an influence on the in teraction was how master key I was. being professional can be difficult because if youve always been in an surroundings thats unprofessional and you dont know where to use what row that can be an issue.So being professional was key in this interaction because I was a person that had a reputation,that had power to help people and look after them. If I didnt act professional the patient could have not taken me serious but I did. The reason why being professional was an influence in the interaction because I realised the more professional you are no matter where you are you will always be looked up to and thats why I thought it was an influence because it made the patient feel secure with me, it made the patient understand no matter what happens I will always be supporting the patient which would make both of us happy. For example, the minute the patient knocked on the door I dropped everything I was doing and stood up and shock the hand then I made the patient feel welcomed and as ked how they were then they started explaining what the problem was and the actions I was doing showed I was professional.

Joining the Leader in Death Phenomenon Essay

1. Introduction History is replete with incidences of group or book self-importance inflicted oddments fol kickoffing the demise of powerful attractors. In much(prenominal)(prenominal) instances followers, in varying chips, chose to die, of their own w laid up(predicate), either after or on foreseeing the devastation of their loss data tracker. while group or mass terminations of this nature run through occurred at historically different times in dissimilar cultures and globally diverse locations, and see been appropriately recorded in historical documents, the ontogenesis of anthropological studies in the last blow has led to meaningful look into the subject.Researchers induce delved into the traditions, brotherly customs, more than thans, behavioral motivators and demotivators of deal of different civilizations and parts to locate raunch and establish reasons for this kind of uncommon, if not deviant behavior. These studies have become more and more relevan t in the circulating(prenominal) social and religious scenario where instances of mass suicides have occurred in cults, involving hundreds of members, who, on with their drawing cards, have chosen to die painful and self inflicted finales for illogical, inexplicable and emotional reasons.The Jonestown suicides of 1978 and the shoemakers lasts of the members of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God in 2000 were busyly tragic and gruesome facts, in which hundreds of people along with their draws, died. It is unvarnished that such irrational tendencies still follow, even in advanced west struggled societies.Anthropologists and historians firmly believe that serious and detailed investigation into such incidents, with feature emphasis upon the then prevailing social, environmental, political, stinting, and historical conditions, could well provide clues to the reasons merchant ship such uncommon behavior and help in preventing such tragedies in fut ure. (Wessinger, 2000) This paper aims to examine the historical precedents of such incidents and imbibes up one particular incident for detailed social and anthropological analysis. 2.Historical Overview Psychiatrists commonly hypothecate of potentially suicidal people to be unhappy virtually their current physical and emotional situation and un clear-cut about the path to be followed to resolve the crisis. Suicide is resorted to as a simple and easy ancestor to their problems and plays the role of a convenient exit. Individual suicides accompanied or preceded by such reasoning is exceedingly common, and though tragic, is, in a number of societies, a routine occurrence among disturbed and underprivileged people.Its incidence, in the demonstrable nations, is still high in certain segments like mentally ill individuals, prisoners, prostitutes, drug addicts and HIV patients. Mass or group suicides following the decease or toss off of a leader, while being far more uncommon than individual suicides, have, nevertheless occurred on a number of occasions, more particularly so in specific cultures.While historical instances of groups of people joining their leaders in devastation, have occurred periodically there is precise little to connect these disparate incidents apart from defeat and dis discover in war and, in the case of women, the desire to avoid consequent appall and molestation. During the closing years of the 2nd century BCE, the Teutons, after a series of bloody battles were defeated by the Roman General Gaius Marius, (in 102 BCE), near Aix-en-Provence, and their leader Teutobod captured. The captured women, thin fagot their king dead and certain of being ravaged by Roman soldiers committed suicide.Ironically the Teutons were the cause of a similar episode in 1336 at the siege of Pilena. The defenders, besieged by the marauding Teutons, get together their leader, Duke Marqueris in death when they realized that the battle was lost. The defender s set the castle on fire and committed mass suicide along with their leader quite than be captured by the invaders. (Purkiss, 1996) In India, both men and women of the warrior classes of the Indian region of Rajasthan have traditionally adopted to commit suicide after the death of their leader.Women, oddly, the wives and concubines of the king have, until recent times followed the superannuated tradition of immolating themselves on the funeral funeral pyre of their husbands. The custom, cognize as Sati, while illegal, is still followed in particularly retroflexed argonas of the region. Chittor, now an abandoned laceress in West India became famous because of common chord separate incidents in which hundreds of men and women killed themselves after the death of their leader.Chittor has been overcome thrice and each time the outcome was Jauhar, when women along with their children immolated themselves on huge funeral pyres on the death or capture of their leader, while the men, wearing ochre robes attacked the foeman and dependd certain death. Alauddin Khilji overpowered Chittor in 1303 A. D. , overcome by an obsessive yearning to own the regal beauty, coffin nail Padmini. Myth has it, that he saw her face in the reflection of a mirror and was struck by her prehend exquisiteness.The fairy, along with her attendants, however chose to follow her dead king rather than bury the invaders proposition embark oned on to a huge funeral pyre lit in the middle of the castle and burned to death. In 1533 A. D. , during the dedicate of Bikramjeet, Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, attacked Chittor and at once more Karnavati, the then queen, along with more than a hundred women favored to die following the death of the ruler. The final episode occurred more than 30 years later when the Mughal emperor Akbar attacked the fortress.In Rajasthan such incidences of joining the leader in death had certain particular features. Episodes necessarily commenced with t he siege of a force by an invading army and ended in mass death only if the invading army was successful. Once it was certain that the war was lost and the king was dead or would certainly die the warriors and their wives decided to end their stomachs, the men through suicidal attacks on the enemy and the women by leaping into enormous funeral pyres. The women were led in this effort by the queen of the fortress.It is important to understand that this practice was restricted only to the warrior classes and did not volunteer to the priests, the traders, the farmers or the another(prenominal) classes. Tales of invading armies entering deserted and lifeless stories argon apocryphal and baseless as warriors and their families did not account for more than a quarter of the total population of a city. It also needs to be pointed out that acts like these had very little mythical precedent and ancient Hindu scriptures, like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, do not contain any such incid ents.Incidentally the opposite appears to be more true and there are dissimilar instances in the Ramayana of the wife of the King choosing to marry the invader after the defeat and death of her husband. (Harlan, 2003) This paper attempts to recreate the social and cultural scenario at heart the fort when queen Padmini and hundreds of other men and women chose to die after the death of the King Rawal Ratan and the fall of Chittor. The following section on Chittor is indite in the present tense and from the perspective of an active observer of the get along episode. 3. Chittor a. SocietyChittor, today, (in the azoic fourteenth century), is one of the many Hindu kingdoms that circulate the desert plains of Rajasthan in the North West region of the Indian subcontinent. Jewish-Orthodox Hinduism, over the first ten centuries of period that commenced after the birth of the Nazarene Christ, has succeeded in eliminating Buddhism from the land of its birth only to see it replaced by an pugnacious Islam beating at its doors with unabated fury. Waves of Muslim soldiers have lashed at the borders of the Indian states for the last five hundred years until the establishment of Islamic rule at Delhi.Despite Islamic sovereignty a number of nonaged Hindu kingdoms continue to exist, nighly in the west and south, often waging extended battles with the rulers of Delhi. While a certain amount of integration between Hindus and Muslims has interpreted place with time, it is still too early for any such creative rapprochement to occur in Chittor. Years of siege, first from an ever expanding Buddhism, and then from a militant Islam, has made structured Hindu society insular, Orthodox and inward looking.The caste system has become rigid and religious laws and rules order any aspect of society. Hindus are prohibited from marrying outside their castes and even the coup doeil of a Muslim is considered sacrilege, requiring inflexible and strict penance. The Muslim practice of sex segregation has been adopted comprehensively by the Hindus, ironically to protect Hindu women from manful Muslim eyes and women re master(prenominal) indoors most of the time. While every city has its share of courtesans, women do not work.They are deprived of economic or political power, being content to be glorified as mothers, sisters and wives. Society is structured into four main castes, the priests, warriors, traders and lower classes. Political and soldiers power lies with the warriors and to a certain extent with the priesthood who are consulted by the kings and nobles in advance important purposes. The traders, despite their lower status, are economically powerful and unbroken in good humor by both the nobles and the priests.The warriors are jumpstart by a strict code of honor, which in fact has been the main causal factor behind hundreds of members of the warrior community choosing to die after defeat in battle and the death of their leader. b. Politics and Re ligion Chittor, in the early years of the fourteenth century is one of the smaller Hindu kingdoms resisting the Islamic emperors occupying the throne at Delhi. The warrior classes of Chittor trace their lineage for centuries and, apart from being busy in ongoing strife with the Delhi throne, constantly wag war against the other Hindu kings in the region.It is also not uncommon for Hindu kings to mixed bag alliances with the Muslim emperor and wage war against each other. The political scenario is extremely fluid, (much like mediaeval Europe), and with numerous kings and noble existing in aflutter alliances, war often breaks out over trivial reasons. While the prescribed religion of the Delhi court is Islam, and correspondence is usually in Arabic, migration of traders, artisans and workers ensure that Hindus and Muslims coexist, albeit with a certain amount of resentment and antagonism.Sati, the practice of self immolation by women on the death of their husbands, is a common p ractice in Hindu states. The practice is paramount more among the priestly and martial classes and is practically absent in the other castes and the aboriginals. The prevalence of Sati among the priests and warriors is payable to the traditionally inferior status of women and their unusefulness to society in the absence of child bearing potential. As such while wives are looked upon as necessary because of their capacity to bear children, widows are thought to be non contributing burdens. (Harlan, 2003)A widows unwished-for status is also because of religious taboos that prevent her from participating in internal chores as her touch, her voice, and even her appearance is thought unholy, impure and to be shunned and abhorred. The sanctification of virginity in brides also makes it practically impossible for them to remarry after the death of their husbands. As such the practice of immolation is an extreme but logical outcome of these circumstances. The priests and the warrior cl asses of Rajasthan have also perpetrated the tradition by providing it with a halo of honor and deifying women who chose to take this route.The episode that occurred in Chittor before my eyes in the early years of this century (the 1300s) and involved hundreds of men and women joining their leader in death needs to be analyzed in light of the existing social and political environment in order to obtain an appropriate perspective. c. join the Leader in Death The ruler of Chittor, Rana Rawal Ratan unify the young Padmini, the daughter of a Rajasthani prince, when he was in his early teens, and she was heretofore to enter her adolescence.In accordance with existing tradition the bride continued to live in her paternal home until she reached puberty and Rawal Ratan brought her to Chittor with much flourish on her fourteenth birthday. Padmini was an acknowledged beauty and became a much appreciated princess as she grew up, known in princely circles for her exquisite looks, aristocrat ic instruction and regal demeanor. When Rawal Ratan succeeded to the throne of Chittor in the closing years of the ordinal century she took her place by his side in an extravagant solemnity attended by princes from all over India as well as nobles from the Delhi throne.It was this ceremony that led to further speculation and gossip about Queen Padmini and aroused the curiosity of Sultan Alauddin Khilji at Delhi. Rawal Ratan was known to be a fair and just king and, apart from his well known love for Padmini, was a patron of the arts. One of his court musicians, banished from Chittor because of his involvement in witchcraft, ingratiated himself with Alauddin Khilji, and persuading the Sultan of the ethereal beauty of the queen Padmini incited him to attack Chittor and take the queen for himself. On reaching Chittor, Alauddin found the fort to be heavily defended. horrific to see the captionary queen he sent a varsity letter to the King that he thought of Padmini as his sister an d wished to make her acquaintance. While the unsuspecting king did not find any reason to precariousness Alauddins intentions, the wiser queen refused to meet the grand Turk personally and instead concur for him to see her reflection in a specially constructed mirror. The wily sultan came to the fort with his selected warriors, and after the meeting with the queen, managed to kidnap the king even as he was escorting them back to the gate.On the following day when the Chittor generals heard about the ransom demand, that of the hand of the queen for the sultan, in exchange for the safe sour of the king, the Chittor generals went into a huddle, and with the assent of the queen, sent word that the queen would come to the sultan the next day along with a hundred and cardinal attendants. At the crack of dawn the next morning a hundred and fifty palanquins, each carried by four strong men wound their expressive style to Alauddins camp and stopped in front of the tent where the king w as being held prisoner.As the sultan rejoiced a hundred and fifty build up men rushed out of the palanquins before his astonished eyes, freed the king and along with the bearers galloped back to Chittor on horses seized from the sultans stables. A bowelless Alauddin uniform his army to ram Chittor, Brutal resistance from the defenders of the fort led to the decision to lay siege to the fort, an operation that carried on for many months until dangerously low supplies forced the honor bound warriors to take a decision to storm the vastly larger sultans armies in what could only lead to certain death.The queen, who was party to all the confabulations, decided that as the army, led by her husband rode out to certain death, she, along with the wives of the warring soldiers and all the children would jump into a huge fire lit in the centre of the fort and end their lives, thus joining the king in death. Rawal Ratan and his warriors, though immensely saddened agreed to this to be the m ost fitting and honorable denouement.At the end of a brutal and bloody battle fought between the troops of the Delhi Sultanate and the suicidal warriors of Chittor, Alauddin entered the fort only to find the ashes of the queen and the wives of the warriors, a dibrach victory, if ever there was one. (Bose, 2000) 4. Conclusion The instance of Padmini, her female attendants and the wives of the warriors of Chittor, joining the leader in death has been chronicled a number of times by various historians for it to be reasonably accurate.While the case of male warriors following the leader into certain death has taken place on many occasions, instances of women dying en masse are rare, and occur because of specific historical and environmental reasons. Anthropologists feel that in most such cases the persona of the leader, his mesmeric ingest over his followers, and the accompanying trauma and desolation felt at the death of the leader induce the followers to embrace death and join thei r leader. A number of instances, including the suicides of some of Hitlers trusted generals, provide some proof that the argument could hold some merit.In the case of Padmini while legend and myth continue to pay obeisance to her love for her husband, the mass deaths, especially of the attending ladies, necessarily needs to have a more significant historical and social reason. The decision to embrace mass death at the fall of the fort and the certain death of the king Rawal Ratan is most probably due to a number of reasons, chief among them being the prevalent practice of sati and the halo of honor that the act had acquired over the centuries.This halo of honor has to be seen in the light of the compulsions of Islamic rule in India during the medieval ages and is essentially logical and in accordance with social patterns and expectations. From the 13th century until the establishment of the British Empire, the position of women continued to remain insecure due to the arbitrary powe r structure associated with the feudal society, and the compulsions of perpetuating a male henpecked inherently unequal society.Even though the Mughals tried to bring in a modicum of gender equality the subservient status of women continued to exist until the middle of the twentieth century. It was most probably this craving for honor, accompanied with a genuine fear of the treatment that the women would receive at the hands of the furious invading soldiers that tilted the scales in favor of the decision to embrace death to that of joining Alauddins harem.In any case the episode stiff one of the more abiding instances of joining the leader in death phenomenon and continues to intrigue historians and anthropologists. Pages 10 Word Count 3000 References Bose, M. (Ed. ). (2000).Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and modern-day India. New York Oxford University Press. Harlan, L. (2003). The Goddesses Henchmen Gender in Indian Hero Worship. New York Oxford University Press. It s All the Raj Travelindia. (2005, December 14).The Daily Mail (London, England), p. 45. Maaga, M. M. (1998). Hearing the Voices of Jonestown (1st ed. ). Syracuse, NY Syracuse University Press. Metcalf, B. (2005). David Chidester. salvation and Suicide Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple, and Jonestown. Utopian Studies, 16(2), 335+. Purkiss, D. (1996). The Witch in History Early recent and Twentieth-Century Representations. New York Routledge. Wessinger, C. (2000). How the Millennium Comes Violently From Jonestown to Heavens Gate. New York seven Bridges Press.