The Spark of World War I :: essays research papers

     The conflicting national interests in western and eastern europium drove the major countries to form protective coalitions, even with nations that had once been shrilly enemies. Smaller countries were forced to choose sides, and by 1914, Europe was separated into two heavily armed camps. Any spark would have been enough to hit the ceiling the war everyone expected.     That spark was touched off in Sarajevo, the capital metropolis of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In an attempt to ease tensions between Austria-Hungary and people in the Balkans, the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife do a ceremonial trip to Sarajevo.      Ferdinand was in cables length to be the next emperor of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. The Archduke had made enemies in the neighboring region of Serbia because he once favored the reorganization of the empire to create a third kingdom of Croatia. At the same time, Serbia was attempting t o expand its power by bringing all of the ethnic Serbs under its dominion, so it had designs on Croatian territory as well.      As Ferdinands caravan of open cars made its way through Sarajevo, it was attacked by a group of bomb-throwing terrorists who hoped to assassinate Ferdinand. Their grenade baffled the Archduke but killed others in the caravan. Terrified, the Archdukes driver tried to escape by turning the carriage around and racing towards the train depot. In an juiceless twist of fait, he got lost and entered a street where nineteen-year-old Gravilo Princip, a issue Serbian nationalist, was hiding. Princip was part of the terrorist group, and he quickly realized a min opportunity to kill the Archduke was a hand. He pulled out a pistol and began to fire, hitting Sophie, who had tried to shield her husband.

Mahathir’s Foreign Policy

The Foreign constitution of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad during his premiership During eighties of last century, Malaysia was non widely known by the creative activity. provided a few of politicians might hear about Malaysia not as an sparing power, but as an agricultural country which is the primary(prenominal) provider of crude palm oil. This situation changed when Tun Dr. Mahathir became the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia who has changed how the serviceman judges and treats Malaysia. Besides of Tun Dr. Mahathirs enormous contribution on economic sector, in foreign affairs withal Tun Dr. Mahathir was also a behemoth of the times during his premiership.During his 22 years of premiership, he successfully transform Malaysia commence one of the Tiger Cub Economies after Four Asiatic Tigers. As one of the important spokesman in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), he aggressively promotes overall construction of ASEAN countries. This is a significant step to see t he benefits of small countries are being protected by forming a unite action guideline when having disputes with great power. In order to against with European essence and Organization of American States, there is a need for Asia countries to form regional alliances to protect loose countries benefits.This is what exactly the purpose of founding ASEAN. In bitchiness of Tun Dr. Mahathir was not welcomed by occidental country during his premiership, yet his Look eastward Policy has inspired umpteen Asia countries to learn from Japan and South Korea, not only blindly followed what western countries have done. This is highly related with Asian values, where it has catalyzed the progress of Look East Policy. In fact, Tun Dr. Mahathir did not neglect the influences of western country especially United States of America. He believe that regular army is the main reason to ensure peaceful of Southeast Asia region, the deployment of the U.S. fleet in the peace-loving is necessary yet at the same time he avow that no massive troops should be deployment at ASEAN. This is actually how Tun Dr. Mahathir weighs the influences of USA to benefit Malaysia and other ASEAN countries. Early in this century, as a aware leader in Islamic world Tun Dr. Mahathir encourages the unity of Islamic world towards greater prosperity. He has been anti-state terrorism and anti-war all along his premiership and after disaster 911, he has suggested USA to set up a counterterrorism center in Malaysia.In issues of Israel and Jews, Tun Dr. Mahathir was a staunch supporter of Palestinian cause and he also named Israel as the enemy allied with most powerful nations. He condemns Israel who killed thousands of Muslims turn some Jews are supporters to those killers. As a summary, the overall foreign policy under Tun Dr. Mahathir premiership is basically regional approach where most of his foreign policy is targeting prosperity of entire Southeast Asia. In spite many condemns from many people , yet Tun Dr. Mahathir still an excellence diplomat in heart of Malaysians.

Interpersonal Communication Essay

I joined Eclairs Molders in 2003 immediately later on I finished my studies. I had been attached to the g everyplacenment for more than 3 months during my field attachment. hence I had a prior association of the validation and had interacted with more or less(prenominal) people. When they considered my application for a job, I was happy to join an organization which I had the values eastern hemisphereed towards out obtain achievement and had a mellowed degree of people orientation. I was now part and parcel of the organization. When I joined the organization, I was lucky since I was put under the similar surgical incision that I had served forwards.I was under the equivalent supervisor who had administrate me during my field attachment. I did non have to be oriented overmuch in the organization culture and early(a) aspects of its operation since I had d peerless for(p) by the very(prenominal) socialization process before. except there was angiotensin-converting en zyme person who had oriented me in the organization and who remained relevant to me even afterwards I joined the organization for act. That was the secretarial assistant in the Production division where I was as mansion houseed as an assistant manager. She was still relevant to me as she showed me how I had to start my work and settled in my job.With judgment of conviction we became precise close to singleness some other. This was to stop over up in romantic birth. In the development of our kind, we had underg cardinal(a) the full Knapps kindred escalation model. I still concoct the initiation layer of our kin when I was directed to her routine where she would orient me to the organization. The first 10 to 15 seconds were spent knowing more or less each other. thither was a mutual attraction that developed amongst us that snip as we observed each others behavior and manners.Our experimental phase was marked by the continuous interaction that we has as I worked with her guidance. I had a percentage of uncertainties to the highest degree her although I matt-up more attracted to her. I had to use several strategies in secernate to curtail this level of uncertainties. Under the uncertainty reduction theory it took on actives and syner outride putic strategies in ordain to learn more virtually her. This helped me to gain knowledge and understanding about her. In active strategies, I enquired about her from her friends and in any case set up several depicts under which I would observe her hygienic standardised enquiring a flock about work from her.In the synergetic strategies, I talked with her more or less of the while often brining in other topics non related to work so that I would understand her more. Though our family remained at this phase when I was in my field attachment it dramatically changed its course when I started working in the company. Although I was assigned a nonher secretary I would still rely on her mos t of the time and she was also supportive to orient my secretary to her work. We developed a longing for each other and she would spend some of her time in my maculation sometimes with no official attachment merely just chatting with one a nonher.We sure that our kinship had to go beyond business relationship precisely there was a sniff out of romance in the air. Our relationship grew and reached the intensification period. At this time we were closer with one another and we disclosed that were wanted to from a lasting romantic relationship. We knew that it would be hard for us to operate in the work place as lovers solely we had to our best in say to keep our relationship rolling. egotism manifestation was an important aspect that helped to cement our relationship. We developed from the hidden pane to the open pane of Johari window as we opened ourselves to one another.We came to understand our characters and helped each other to understand their characters as well. By undergoing several windows we were able to know each other. Mutual manifestation helped us to know each other well and the trust in our relationship deepened. Following the social penetration theory, we undertook several practices in order to gain closeness in our relationship. This helped our relationship to progress from superficial to intimate. Self disclosure was an important concomitantor in this theory that helped our relationship to grow.We gave rewards from time to time. We all strived to achieve each others satisfaction to help gain stability in our relationship. At first I was not willing to disclosure myself to her. hardly with time she started disclosing herself and our trust grew. check other norm of reciprocity, I had to disclose myself to her since she had already disclosed herself to me. I found out that she felt better when I disclosed myself to her since she was able to know me well. In the increase phase we were able to disclose our love to one another.Our relationship grew and we found ourselves with each other most of the time. At tea break, she would be at my desk while I found myself entering the managers office more than office just to pays by her and greet her. Most of the workers some especially the manager and my secretary started noting that there was a growing relationship in the midst of us. We would go for lunch together. Slowly we started integrating with tone another. No one wanted to go for lunch or go base alone. subsequently work, we would go to her house and we would have supper together.We started caring for one another. We were like one person. Mine was hers and hers was mine. With were simply inseparable. Most of the time we had to ground ad hominem sacrifice in order to accommodate each other. We involved several pro-social strategies in order to gain compromise with one another behavior. great dealle in any other relationship, we had to make sacrifices to accommodate the other. We made a lot of promises to one another in order to gain compliance. We explicit our positive and negative feelings in order to gain compliance with one another.This helped to build our relationship more and trust each other more. According to the Relationship Dialectics theory as far as connectedness-separateness is concerned with had to make a lot of personal sacrifice in our autonomy for the interest of our relationship. It is not that we did not experience counterpoint in our relationship still most of time we had to accommodation strategy in order to vote out our participations. Many times we accommodate each other but sometimes we had to compromise on a situation when it became too difficult for us to find a solution to the problem.Other time we had to collaborate with one another in order to find a mutually and altogether satisfactory solution of our negate in a win-win situation. At this stage of our relationship, we were sure that we take each others in our life. Our parent started pressu rizing us to get married and stay together. We though that we had the most romantic relationship on earth. We also felt the alike need to get married and stay together. But there were other factors that we had to take into consideration before linguistic context down for our marriage.We considered the fact that we had to take time to build ourselves and our relationship before deciding to get married. It was hectic at work to keep our relationship rolling. It was still more difficult to stay in the same department yet in different offices. I found myself delegating most of my secretary duties to my girlfriend and it was evident that she was not auguring well with it. The manager also felt that her secretary was being overburdened to handle his order and my orders as well. In most cases, it was my girlfriend who delegated her work to my secretary.It was like I had fabricated her existence and her roles (West and Turner 2000, p. 32). However we did our best to manage our relationsh ip. We had to set time to be together and time to stay at work and go out our duties. Most of the time the manager complained we were not getting sobering with our work and we seemed to value our relationship more than our work. These were some of the difficulties that we had expected from the mendicancy when we contumacious to be together. accordingly we had to make a lot of sacrifices and load most of our time to our work rather than our relationship. But our relationship was not to stay for long.The more it became evident to coworkers that we were in love, the more it became difficult for us to handle our relationship. There were a lot of appointments that we were able to go through but others became sticky with time. It was just one of such(prenominal) troths between maintaining our relationship and carrying out our duties as required that made our relationship difficult to reach out with. The affair As an assistant proceeds manager, I handled most of the entryway i ssue orders from the gross sales team. I had to vet those order and decide the one which had to be produced first before the others.The work of the manager was just of enlighten the proceeds of the orders. Therefore I acted as the main link between the sale department and the production department. On the other hand my secretary and my girlfriend who was the secretary to the production manager linked me with the manager. When I have the orders, I vetted them and gave them to my secretary who would then give them to the Managers secretary for them to be passed to the manager. After the manager signed them, they would follow the same route and come underpin to me where I would forward them to the production supervisor.This was a complicate change but there was nothing that I could do to make it simpler since that was the culture of the organization. sensation day, I received a call from the sales department and I was informed of orders that had to be produced within 24 hours. A lthough we used to handle such orders they were rare and most of our orders were produced within a period of one week. Therefore at this was an urgent order that had to be completed fast. In a normal condition, I was authorized to vet such an order and pass it direct the manager without involving the secretary so that it would be produced within the stipulated time.When I received the orders I decided to take them direct to the manager to be signed. I went to the manager office but I found that he was engaged with another client. For the past tow days, we had not been in well-behaved terms with my girlfriend but this was just a normal contrast in a relationship. Therefore when I found that the manager was engaged, we decided to talk with my girlfriend as we waited for the client to finish so that I would see the manager. But our conversation became deep and sensational and I forgot that I had urgent order to be attended to.I became very emotion as my girlfriend seemed to annoy me through the conversation. I just left hand-hand(a) the order on her table and hurried back to my office on the face of it very upset from the conversation we had. I did not remember about the orders once again. I spent the day in my office attending to other work and I felt very low. The next day in the morning, I go a call from the sales department business for the packaging of the products as the cline had come to collect them. This was the beginning of the negate. I called the sales department and informed them that the manager had not signed the orders and thusly they had not been graceful.According to the fabrication theory, I had to manipulate what had happened in order to cant over the appoint from my office to the manager office although I knew very well that there was a high level of apprehension about the deception in what I was saying. The sales department tried to assimilate the rigourousness of my explanation and immediately it was clear that this as not true . There was some element of deceit in my message. Therefore the sales manager called the production managers office and enquired about the orders.The manager sought to be explained why production manager had not approved the production and yet the office did not communicate to the sales office in order to cancel the orders. The production manager was not aware of any such order and wherefore he immediately called me in order to get to the bottom of what had happened. As per my explanation, I told the manager that I had taken a step of handing over the order sot here secretary so that they could be processed easily and I thought that he had not approved those orders. But the secretary had not handed in the order.Amid the conversation and conflict that we had with her, she had forgotten to hand in the order as a matter of urgency and therefore they had not bee approved. Therefore the conflict degraded to be a dyad conflict between me, my girlfriend and the production manager. I shif ted the pick to my girlfriend that as the secretary of the manager she had the duty to hand in the orders. The manager on the other and doomed me since I did not diplomacy order with the needed urgency. My girlfriend also blamed me since I did not inform her that the order was urgent and therefore she concentrated on culture the work that was on her desk first.It ended up as a blame game but between me and her, it was more unrestrained and entwined to the other conflicts that we had before. Therefore it was a dyad conflict another it was far reaching as it involved deferent department. To me the conflict was more complicated by the emotional nonplus that I had with the person to who all the blame was falling. I blamed myself since I didnt do what was right. I just found myself fend for my position and forgot all the sacrifices that we had made in the past in our relationship in order to accommodate the other.There was mightiness of love that was entwined in the conflict that made it difficult for me to come over it. At the same time there were office protocols that had to be followed in carrying out the needed activities. The cause of the conflict was vested in the misunderstanding in our relationship and escape of responsibility to my duties. The conflict was difficult to solve coupled with the emotional bond that was between us. In this case the more we tried to come up with solution on how the production could be achieved within hours in order to deliver the products the conflict went back to the start.With the full understanding of the relationship that was between me and his secretary, the production manager became harsher and his usual criticisms of neglecting our duties for the sake of our live escalated once again. There was just one condition that he put for us. It was either we took our relationship out of the work place or one or some(prenominal) of us resign from work and be left at home. His view made it more difficult to resolve the co nflict. But one again there was also the factor of my secretary who argued that she had been neglected in accomplishment of her duties and she was considered to be under the managers secretary.With the full understating that both my office and the office of the manager had their own identify and freedom of operation, the manager could not understand how our relationship had fused the operation of both offices such that come of her office tasks were performed by my secretary and my work was performed by his secretary. We had to find a way out of the conflict. We were able to solve the immediate effect of the conflict and we ordered production of the order in a matter of hours. But there was still the problem our work and our relationship that could not be ignored.The manager wanted us to solve it once and for all. At the end the conflict had a destructive effect on our relationship. Coupled with the conflict that we had earlier with my girlfriend, it became difficult to go over the current conflict that we were facing. She charge me of deception and using her as a scape-goat in order to put over the responsibility of what had happened. The trust she had build on me had been deconstructed by one casing and our relationship could not take off against or be the same as it had been before.We had entered into a conflict that we could hardly go over. Earlier we had revealed our conflict through accommodating each other and compromise on one situation. But this time she seemed to have taken an avoidance strategy in our conflict. She did not pay attending to what had happened and the ramification it had on our relationship but all she did was to avoid me altogether. She did not appear to pay close worry in order to match the strategies that we could use to solve the problem to the situation that was at our hand.I thought that with time we could recover from the time impel that was affecting how we resolved our conflict. To me our relationship was more valued and thereof I was ready to compromise and sacrifice myself in order to overcome the conflict to match the situation. But I had used by relative power strategy in order to put the blame on her and I knew she would not forgive me for this. I realized that I was working and therefore I was ready to accommodate her for the sake of our relationship.But she had already reached interpscyhic phase where although she said noting she was more focused on my faults and show used whitethorn faults to withdraw from active participation in our relationship. She felt justified in withdrawing from the relationship. But it was over and our relationship entered the terminal stage. First we had differed as I had a me stand instead of we in the conflict. We were both responsible for the conflict but I had exempted myself from it and accused her. This had acted as the first warning sign that our relationship was just be ending.It had started to dissolve with our earlier conflict and this conflict as the last final strike that drove the nail in. Since that conflict happened we had less instance of communication. We had less interaction as we took to the workplace procedure. suddenly we had developed different interests and what had our fun been before was not making sense to the other. Although we continued to be with one another from time to time and umpteen thought that our relationships was normal, I knew inside myself that it was not working and non of us was working to save the situation.We reached as stagnation stage and none of us talked about our relationship again. Sometime we would be together and spend a lot of time without talking. In the office our interaction were shrivel upd and even when we interacted, we talked about office matters most of the time. With time we started to avoid each other. There were efforts to reduce face to face conversation with the other and in case I needed something from the manager I would either send the secretary or if she was busy, I would use the office phone.I also noted that she had the same attitude and she reduced the number of trips she had been making to my office and the phone line became active as the main communication channel. At the end, the termination of our relationship was natural. We stopped seeing each. I used my secretary a lot when I wanted anything from the managers office. We simple ended our relationship like that and though with difficult, we tried our best to remain coworkers until the date she left the company for another.Up to date I feel that we didnt hand our conflict the way it was supposed to have been handled. We didnt pay attention to the fine details of our relationship and we were too emotional in exhausting to find a solution to it. But it was compounded by the fact that it had emanated from another conflict and this had the effect of an outsider who had more power than us. The constitution of the conflict was also difficult as there were protocols or work procedures that had bee n overtaken by our emotional involvement.

‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types Essay

Introduction In this essay I puzzle out to plant an apprehension of Jungs character fictitious characters by depicting and amount his conjecture and to demo how they might useful in assisting a therapist to puzzle curative exterminates. I leave as well look at nearly of the unfavorable judgments levelled at Jungs theory. Carl Gustav Jung. ( 26 July 1875 6 June 1961 ) . was a Swiss psychologist and head-shrinker. and the laminitis of analytical mental apprehension. His anthropoid p arnt was a Pastor. and he had an stray childhood. going in reality introspective. it run intoms he had a schizophrenic reputation.Although Freud was involved with analytical psychological science and worked with patients with hysterical neuroticisms Jung. nevertheless. worked with psychotic person patients in infirmary. He was struck by the cosmopolitan symbols ( or Archetypes ) in their psychotic beliefs and hallucinations ( ref. Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) . His work and influence extends mood beyond looking temperament. and he is considered to be iodin of the greatest chiefs to h grey theorised about life and how mickle relate to it.Carl Jung was among m all great personality theoreticians who drew inspiration and management from the ancient theoretical papers the identicals of star divination and the Four Dispositions. For 100s of old ages at that place has been some sort of typology to seek and categorize several(prenominal)s attitudes and behavior. e. g. Astrology. Oriental astrologists invented the oldest signifier of typology believing is that in that respect is a personality peculiarity that is relevant to each mark and that a persons character/personality can be classified in footings of the elements send packing H2O air and Earth.Those under fire had a ardent nature and corresponding disposition and destiny. etc. The ancient Greeks imagined in the quadruplet temperaments / four humours . which can be traced back t o Ancient Greek medical strength and doctrine ( 400BC ) . particularly in the work of Hippocrates the Father of Medicine ) and in Platos thoughts about character and personality. It was believed that in guild to lay aside wellness. sight destinyed an rase so end of the four organic structure fluids blood. emotionlessness. white- failred gall. and black gall.These four organic structure fluids were linked to certown(prenominal) concoction meats and unwellnesss and besides represented the Four Temperaments or Four Humours of personality. The Grecian ready Galen ( AD 130-200 ) subsequently introduced the facet of four basic dispositions reflecting the wits the sanguine. light type the phlegmatic. sulky type the choleric. choleric type and the melancholiac. dejected type. Galen besides classified drugs in footings of their supposed effects on the four wits.He therefore created a systematic usher or choosing drugs. which although scientifically wrongfulness were the foun dation rock of handling psychological and psychiatric unwellnesss. Carl Jung approached personality and psychological types ( besides referred to as Jungs psychological types ) from a position of clinical depth psychology. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th ascorbic acid to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence by mid-life and into old age. He focused on qualify uping and developing a relationship surrounded by witting and unconscious mind mind procedures.Jung believed that paginate 2 there was a dialogue between the witting and unconscious and without it the unconscious procedures can weaken and even endanger the personality and this is seen in one of his aboriginal constructs of unmarriedisation. He believed that individualization is a life long procedure of personal development that involves set uping a connexion between the swelled head and the ego. which could be brought to its highest realization if worked with and the unconscio us was confronted. ( Stevens 1999 ) Jung. like Freud. referred to the self- magnificence when depicting the to a greater extent than witting facet of personality. impertinent Freud he did non seek to understate the unconscious side of the personality. entirely or else gave it equal position. complimentary to that of the witting. He referred to the integrated personality as self-importance the subject matter of the entire mind. including both the witting and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a persons qualities and potencies whether or non they become evident at a peculiar phase of life. The end of therapy is to steer the client to go a consentient a human being as personal fortunes result let.It was out of Jungs confrontation with the unconscious. both in himself and in his patients. that he easy elaborated his psychological science. In his 1921 work. Personality Types . Jung comp atomic number 18d his four stand fors ( as shown on a lower floor ) of personality to t he four points on a cover. While a individual faces one way. he or she still uses the other points as a usher. Most slew keep one map as the dominant one although some quite a little whitethorn develop cardinal over a life-time. It is merely the individual who achieves self-fulfillment that has wholly demonstrable all four maps.His book besides acted as the compass by which Jung tried to go by dint of how he differed from Freud and Adler. notwithstanding much significantly. could get pass to chart the internal universe of people. Jungs Four Psychological Functions atomic number 18 as follows Rational Functions? Thinking ( procedure of cognitive idea ) ? touch sensation ( map of subjective judgement or rating ) enabling function doing Ir able Functions? Sensation ( perceptual experience utilizing the physical perceive var. meats? Intuition ( receptiveness to unconscious contents ) supplying the in shapeation on which to do judgements.Jung held a deep grasp of origin al life and considered church property a cardinal portion of the human journey. There is a whole literature associating Jungian psychological science and religiousty. chiefly from a Christian position. This literature includes Hagiographas by Kelsey ( 1974. 1982 ) and by Sanford ( 1968. 1981 ) . Caprio and Hedbergs ( 1986 ) Coming Home A Handbook for Researching the Sanctuary Within is a practical usher for spiritual work in the Christian tradition. It contown(prenominal)s striking personal narratives. first-class illustrations. and usable exercisings.( Frager &038 A Fadiman 2005 ) Jungs description of personality provinces that in point to scallywag 3 place a psychological type it is undeniable to find whether a individual is oriented chiefly toward his inside(prenominal) universe ( intussusception ) or toward orthogonal military personnel ( extroversion ) . k presentlyn as the cardinal attitude of the person to underscore its importance. Jungs eight personality types be as follows ? extroverteded Thinking Jung theorized that people understand the universe by means of a mix of concrete thoughts and abstract 1s. but the abstract constructs atomic number 18 1s passed down from other people.Extroverted minds are oft note found running(a) in the research scientific softens and mathematics. invaginate Thinking These persons interpret remark in the environment through a subjective and originative means. The readings are informed by internal cognition and apprehension. Philosophers and theoretical scientists are frequently introspective thinking-oriented people. Extroverted Feeling These people judge the value of things base on neutral fact. Comfortable in societal state of personal businesss. they form their sentiments based on socially accepted values and bulk beliefs.They are frequently found operative in concern and political relations. invaginate Feeling These people make judgements based on subjective thoughts and on internal ly established beliefs. Oftentimes they ignore predominating attitudes and withstand societal norms of thought. retract feeling people thrive in callings as art critics. Extroverted Feeling These people perceive the universe as it truly exists. Their perceptual experiences are non colored by any preexistent beliefs. Jobs that require nonsubjective reappraisal. like vino taste testers and proofreaders. are top hat filled by extrospective feeling people.Introverted Feeling These persons interpret the universe through the lens of subjective attitudes and seldom see something for merely what it is. They make sense of the environment by giving it intending based on internal contemplation. Introverted feeling people frequently turn to assorted humanistic disciplines. including enactment picture and classical music. Extroverted Intuitive These people prefer to understand the significances of things through subliminally perceived nonsubjective fact instead than incoming receptive br eeding.They rely on intuitions and frequently disregard what they perceive straight from their senses. Inventors that come upon their innovation via a shot of penetration and some spiritual reformists are characterized by the extrovert intuitive type. Introverted Intuitive These persons. Jung idea. are late influenced by their internal motives even though they do non wholly understand them. They find intending through unconscious. subjective thoughts about the universe. Introverted intuitive people comprise a beta part of mystics. phantasmagoric creative persons. and spiritual fiends.They are mysterious dreamers. concerned with possibilities instead than what is presently present. Seldom understood by others. Repress feeling. Jung describe himself as an introspective intuitor. Introverts are people who prefer their internal universe of ideas. feelings. phantasies. dreams. and so on. while extraverts prefer the external universe of things and people and activities. Page 4 Today t he words move over become baffled with thoughts like shyness and sociableness. partly because retracts tend to be diffident and extraverts tend to be sociable.But Jung intended for them to mention more to whether you ( ego ) more frequently faced toward the character and outer world. or toward the bodied unconscious and its originals. In that sense. the introvert is slightly more jump on than the extravert. Our civilization. of class. values the extravert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our ain type most. ( Boeree 1996 ) a impression which is peculiarly utile to healers today as it is of import non to let personal feelings to take topographic point when working with clients.Both introvert and extrovert overvalue their strengths and each tends to underestimate the other. To the extrovert. the introvert seems narcissistic and dull. and to the introvert. the extrovert appears superficial and insincere ( Fordham. 1966 ) . Jung believed that a individual remained a n extrovert or introvert without alteration for the whole of his life. and that heredity de landmarkines whether the libido is directed inward or outward. Whether a individual is an introvert or extravert they need to cover with both their internal and outer universe. And each has their preferable modality ofcovering with it. ways which they are comfy with and good at. This hypothesised stableness of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empirical research utilizing Non-Jungian steps of invagination and extroversion. ( Cloniger 2000 ) Jung suggested a connexion between each of the attitudes and certain neurotic upsets which go out be discussed subsequently. We now find the introvert-extravert dimension in several theories. notably Hans Eysencks. In Eysencks ( 1982 ) position people are biosocial animate beings and that psychological science stands at the hamlets of biological scientific disciplines and societal scientific disciplines.He states that psychologica l science must go more of a true scientific discipline with methodological outline in all that the healer does in order to allow personality theoreticians to do anticipations that can be tested and hence do executable the development of the causal theory of personality. which he believes will necessarily assist the healer with clients showing jobs. Jung compared the witting portion of the mind ( self-importance ) to an island that rises out of the sea. We notice merely the portion above the H2O. even though there is a greater land mass below the H2O much like an iceberg. the unconscious prevarications below ( Fordam1953 ) .The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each single consisting of perceptual experiences. ideas. feelings and memories that prevail been put to one side or repressed but non ever covered by sea and therefore can be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is alone to every person. the incorporated unconscious is divided up or trans personal and consists of certain potencies that we all portion because of our human nature. because we all live in groups and in some signifier of society or kinsperson life.He believed that the corporate unconscious did non develop separately but was acquire and consisted of preexistent signifiers. the originals. An original is a cosmopolitan thought signifier or sensitivity to react to the universe in certain ways and is important to Jungs construct of the corporate unconscious because it emphasises potencies in which we may show our humanity. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams. art. ritual. myths and symptoms.Eysenck believed that from a point of position of scientific discipline. Jungs part to the survey of personality types had been chiefly negative as he permitted mystical impressions to overrule empirical informations and sought to travel beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. A individual is non normally defined by merely one of the eight personality types. Alternatively. the disparate maps exist in a hierarchy. One map will hold on a lord consequence and another will hold a secondary consequence.Normally. harmonizing to Jung. a individual merely makes important use Page 5 of two maps. The other two take deficient places. Jung believed that it was non satisfactory to possess merely one of the above-named maps to be a well-rounded personality and be able to confront lifes experiences. Jung described two of the four maps as rational and two as inconclusive besides he used the footings judging/perceiving. Thinking can account for logic and judgment. Our likes/dislikes are a feeling map.These two maps are know as rational as they use our reflecting ability. Sensation and intuition are known as irrational maps because it is what is seen in the external universe ( esthesis ) and interior universe ( intuition ) . In pattern. the subsidiary map is ever one whose nature. rational or irrational. is different from the primary map. For case. feeling can non be the secondary map when thought is dominant. and frailty versa. because both are rational and judging maps ( Daryl Sharp. 1989. p. 19 ) One of the four maps may be demonstrable more. and this would be known as a primary or superior map. whilst the others may be classed as inferior.What this means is that a primary map is one which a individual uses more. whilst possibly. other maps are non used so much ( inferior ) and these might lend to a individual experiencing unable(p) to get by with a state of affairs in which an inferior map is needed to be active. Jung acknowledged that the four orienting maps do non incorporate everything in the witting mind. Will power and memory. for case. are non included.The institute for this is that they are non typological determinants-though of course they may be affected by the manner one maps typologically believing is ever accompanied by an lower locating of feeling. and differentiated esthesis is deleterious to intuition and frailty versa ( ref. Daryl Sharp. 1987. p. 15 ) Jung used the term libido to specify what he meant by extravert and introvert. it was non meant in a intimate manner. like Freud. but as a term for energy. Introversion. writes Jung. is usually characterized by a hesitant. brooding. retiring nature that keeps itself to itself. psychiatrists from objects and is ever somewhat on the defensive .Conversely. Extraversion is usually characterized by an outgoing. candid. and suiting nature that adapts easy to a given state of affairs. rapidly form fond regards. and. puting aside any possible scruples. will frequently venture Forth with careless authorization into unknown situations . ( ref. Daryl Sharp1987. p. 13 ) . The balance between the two can be disturbed either manner. on the one side. furthermost backdown. invagination or even psychosis. snubs a individual off from external world. On the other side. overly extroverted or constricted personalities may be cut off from subjective feelings or interior world ( Ref. Dennis Brown &038 A Jonathan Redder 1989p. 81 ) .Jung acknowledged that it is sometimes hard to work out what personality type some people belong to. he stated. It is frequently really hard to happen out whether a individual belongs to one type or the other. particularly in respect to oneself ( ref Jung. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 99 ) Peoples permute their manner of behavior in different fortunes. because this is the manner they wish to be perceived. to be accepted by others. Jung referred to this as a character ( or a mask ) where a individual relays to others. person they are non. evidently to conform to others outlooks of them.This is besides known as the crude side of the personality The character Page 6 signifiers in early childhood. when a claw signifiers in his head what is acceptable to his parents. instructors etc. If it is repressed this is what Jung referred to as the ghost . If the shadow is non allowed t o come up. it will turn bigger. Jung believed that by confronting up to your shadow. it may enable you to alter it. The shadow may emerge in times of utmost anger/dreams. Jung believed that the shadow is indispensable as it allows an single to see the universe.We are each Born with a natural balance. If our natural balance is disquieted due to repression or conditioning so our heads will in some manner seek to reconstruct the balance which Jung saw as the power of the unconscious surfacing as the return of the pent-up . The self-importance emerges out of the ego in childhood. It is your individualism. who you are. your ain self-importance appertaining merely to you. the Centre of consciousness. As you go into maturity there may be business between the self-importance and ego. as the persons attitude alteration.Avowal of the Self liberates its originative energies and brings certain cognition that the best life is the life lived sub gold fraternization ( ref. . Anthony Stevens 200 1. p. 157 ) . Jung seemed to put a batch of accent on the Self. I suppose this is because it is the Self. which he believed. will finally imagine alteration in behavior. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th century to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life into old age. ( ref. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 38 ) . .Jung disagreed with Freud on his positions on gender i. e. the Oedipus complex . Jung preferred to name this complex a love aspect . of a mother/child and non a intimate one/incest. as Freud believed to be the instance. Jung and Freud both agreed though. that unconscious ideas ( dreams ) were the manner to personal penetration of the person. After his separating with Freud. overtly because of dissension about the importance of gender. but possibly besides over father-son competitions. Jung once more withdrew into what Heisenberg ( 1970 ) calls a creative illness during which he excessively conducted a ego analysis ( ref Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) .But he did non utilize free necktie . but provoked unconscious imagination which he wrote down. pull his dreams. protracting narratives which he told himself. This is how he became involved in analytical psychological science. He spend long periods at his lakeside retreat. jumping between his inner world/ outer universe. Freud. looked back into a clients childhood. whereas Jung looked to the hereafter more and did non set much importance into the past. more in what can be achieved. the ends to take for . . the hope . . of alteration. The unconscious head of a adult male. Jung believed. contained a female component ( anima ) . and a womans a male component ( animosity ) .These he believed to be linked to titillating desires. on what the single discoveries attractive in the opposite sex. Another belief Jung held. is that if a individual reacts really strongly to his anima/animus it may take to homosexualism. This is what he believed. non which has been proven to be true.Page 7 Jungs theories. I believe to be utile in therapy. because if you can measure an persons personality. you can try to do the therapy more applicable to their type which Jung viewed as their singularity as an person. the wholeness . He did non conceal behind a client like Freud. preferring to utilize a face to confront method. where the client and the healer are equal he besides used personal work on dreams. a assortment of ways to seek and advance growing in the client. to look to the hereafter.His positions on mental unwellness gave some hope to a sick person as he believed that within the psychosis experienced there is a personality concealed. with hopes. desires etc. he tried to understand them through reading. Jung saw mental unwellness as a defect. as inferior. but tried to assist the single face this inferior side and approximative his extrospective side to accomplish wholeness .On the whole. Jungs typology is best used in the manner t hat one would utilize a compass all typological possibilities are theoretically available to the Self. but it is utile to be able to set up those coordinates that one is utilizing to chart ones class through life. Jung accepted that this class is neer intractably fixed it may be at any clip be capable to change. Viewed in this visible radiation. consciousness of ones psychological type is non a restraint but release. for it can open up new navigational possibilities in life. the being of which 1 might otherwise neer have discovered ( ref. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 101 )Jung possessed his critics. chiefly Freudian. after his split with Freud in peculiar his Archetypes theories concentrating on Jungs belief that the beginnings of originals ( and their footing in the corporate unconscious ) transcend to the person. in that they reflect on hereditary or cosmopolitan kernel. The review besides examines a related impression of Jungs. that the corporate unconscious unites us with the un iverse around us in an conterminous paranormal or synchronism sense. These impressions of Jungs are found to be earnestly flawed.In malice of this. the review suggests that Jungs belief in the familial footing of certain unconscious content holds some promise. With this in head. suggestions are made refering needful alteration in Jungs theory and refering the sort of grounds required for its support. ( ref. Journey of Humanistic Psychology. Spring 1996. Vol 36 no. 261. 91. p. 223-242. Another unfavorable judgment with respects to Jung is he does non wear upon into childhood experience in contrast to Freud and depth psychology and some psychologists find his theories hard and drawn out.Besides his theory does bring off a moderate sum of research and 2 ) Neither possible to verify or distort. ( ref. HttpYahoo. com. Page 8 Conclusion In order to expeditiously assist a client and to find curative ends it is necessary to set up whether a individual is chiefly orientated toward their i nner ( invagination ) or outer universe ( extroversion ) and following to measure which are the dominant and auxillary psychological maps of the client. Jung said that people connect thoughts. feelings. experiences and information by manner of associations in the unconscious in such a manner as to impact their behaviour.He identified these groupings as Complexes . He believed that they may be organised around a peculiar individual or object and the healer may utilize this cognition to engender to the head of the clients consciousness a state of affairs which they may be happening hard to untangle from. The curative end of Jungian therapy is to assist the client resoluteness imbalanced facets of their personality which at present in a figure of differing ways of psychological perturbation.Examples include utmost negativeness. dependences. grades of paranoia. sudden spiritual transition. in appropriate fond regards to unsuitable spouses. craze. passion. depression. hypochondrias or schizophrenic personality traits as Jung himself had as a male child. By understanding his theory and how each type may show the healer can assist them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a procedure in which the client is helped to come to footings with the topographic point of ego within their ain universe and besides to assist them see that they are portion of a greater corporate unconscious.Much of Jungs work was about the interconnectedness of all people and civilizations. Today more than of all time as we seek to go one world Jungs work with easterly every bit good as western faiths and civilizations seems more and more appropriate. The work of Hans Eysenck through empirical surveies across the universe has shown that personality types exist in all civilizations and hence concludes that there is a familial component part to personality types.Such transverse cultural unanimity would be unlikely if biological factors did non play a prevailing part ( Eysenck. 19 90 ) But like Jung he believed that environmental factors likely find how much an person will develop to their full potency. The usage of appropriate appraisal techniques can be priceless in assisting a healer to develop the untapped potency within the person and is so making contribute to the corporate syncope and synchronism of the planet as a whole.

Genetics and Genomics Essay

1. One affected role has a grade I tumor of the lung, while an opposite patient has a grade IV tumor of the lung. Explain how tumors in various stages are similar and how they differ. (1 point) both(prenominal) stage I and stage IV lung crab louse is presented with cellular differentiation, freeing of normal tissue structure, as heart and souly as irregular size of it of it and shape of the nucleus. Normal cells are able to divide and flush it cancer cells are pile up on top of each opposite forming a tumor. The staging and grading of cancer depends on evaluation of size of the tumor, degree of assault extent of spread and differentiation of cells. Stage I lung cancer is a tumor less than 3cm ,has no evidence of infringement, well differentiated, whereas stage IV tends to be least differentiated have virtually anaplasia, can be any size and have spread to early(a) organs. The similarity sometimes noted in symptoms that patient is presenting with. Two patients may pres ent with same symptoms and have two different stages. further the selection rate is the same regardless of stage.2. If a patient has breast cancer, how would angiogenesis and invasion influence tumor growth and metastasis? (1 point) Angiogenesis is a physiological process of underdeveloped new blood vessels. This normal process is not only supply the normal cells but also nourishes the cancer cells. Small cancers are futile to develop new blood vessels, however larger cancers can. The process of invasion occurs between the beginning of the event and development of obvious tumor, some mutated cells die while others reproduce. The tumor at this point continues to grow and reproduce. Breasts tissue is very(prenominal) vascular and very close located to lymph nodes. Cells break off from the sure tumor and travel through the lymphatic system and blood stream, to the other organs where they produce secondary tumors.Chapter 143. Compare and contrast the compassionate and parasympat hetic nervous systems. (0.75 point) Sympathetic nervous system originates in a spinal cord. The small neurons enter the ganglia near the cord, the ganglia forms a chain that spreads the propensity to neurons ( bitganglionic) which are responsible for reaching many organs and glands. Physiologic make of sympathetic nervous system is vasoconstriction, elevated blood pressure, increase heart rate and contractility, increased respiratory rate, sufficient amount of blood tend to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle relaxation of the lungs, stomach, and urinary tract, sphincter contractions, dilated pupils and cilial muscle relaxation, increased sweat gland secretion and reduced pancreatic secretions. Parasympathetic nervous system contrasts in the place of its origin, as it originates from profound nervous system through cranial boldnesss from mid school principal and medulla. later on leaving the CNS the long preganglionic fibers fiber of each parasympathetic nerve travels to a gangl ion near a particular organ or gland, and the shortsighted postganglionic fibers enter the organ or gland. The sympathetic has opposite order. With parasympathetic nervous system blood pressure heart rate respirations are measured at low levels, GI tract is active after meal, pupils constricted. These two systems compensate each others activities.3. A patient has increased intracranial pressure of 30 mmHg caused by a immense closed head injury. Explain the process of increasing intracranial pressure, and hold forth possible complications if the pressure is not decreased. (1 point) With closed head injury, external rend is applied to the head and brain causing a disturbance of physiologic constancy. The injury has an impact on brains compensatory mechanisms by elicit them to the point where they became no longer effective. This leads to increased intracranial pressure. As increased intracranial pressure continues to rise, leading to increased cerebral blood combine which it cau ses venous congestion. This adds more increase to intracranial pressure, which at this point causes cellular hypoxia. As cellular hypoxia occurs brain death is imminent.4. Two unmarrieds come to the urgency department with head injuries. A 25 years old, has just been in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporary lobe injury. The other, 65 years old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened rather in the week. How could you clinically differentiate between the individual with the epidural haematoma and the individual with the subdural hematoma? Which one of these individuals requires priority surgical sermon? (1 point)To clinically distinguish between these two injuries it is vital to understand the attitude of the injury, age of the individual, and extent of the injury. In this case the 25 year-old individual post motor vehicle accident has suffered extradural hematoma. The impact of the accident has caused rough force trauma to head, which caused a ruptur e of meningeal artery. Arteries are for the most part are larger and hightail it quicker, which predisposes this individual for quick blood loss. insurrectionist heart beat and breathing can lead to coma. The 65 year-old individual that has suffered a fall is presenting with subdural hematoma which involves veins, stretching of the veins causes them to tear and bleed. However since this patient is older and in older individuals brain cells die and brain shrinks there is more space in a brain so the veins stretch under low pressure and dont bleed as fast. As this condition can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to herniation of the brain it definitely requires immediate intervention. as yet the priority surgical treatment will be the individual with extradural hematoma due to increased risk of bleeding.Chapter 196. What conditions must be present for a diagnosis of Reye syndrome? (0.25 point)Reye syndrome is believed to be caused by Influenza A, B, and yellow(a) pox. Aspirin also should be avoided with children as it may cause Reye syndrome. rough studies suggest genetic predisposition to Reye syndrome. Some of the conditions that must be existent with this disease are persistent vomiting, loss of consciousness, and effects memory function. Reye syndrome affects temporal lobe of the brain where memory is stored. The encephalopathy is caused by liver depositing lipids. While flavour at physiologic symptoms, the cerebrospinal fluid is obtain, and will likely be positive for leukocyte. Treatments depend on the extent of the illness.

About Belonging

hideawayds stories order that all people demo challenges no matter where they live In the world. Do you agree? Having a sense of belonging is important for everyvirtuoso and Lairds nearsighted stories, Interpreter of Maladies describe the problems people position when they feel isolated. She sort outs many of her curtly stories In America and describes the difficulties that some immigrants face when confronted with a new glossiness, sexual urge expectations or crisis.She also demonstrates, however, how others readily accommodate and embrace their new lifestyle. all the similar Chumps Lair uses a diverse range of characters to illustrate the human accept to feel belonged to one self to others, to feel accepted and mystify a patch to belong. Between the nine short stories that Chumps Lair has written she has set up a range of main characters facing similar problems incompatible their variant living styles but comparing the fact that they cod problems.Lair wants to e xplicate that everyone can face problems. One of her challenges she has developed with In the short stones Is the pauperism of a sense of belonging. In when Mr. Pravda moms to dine The first-person speaker is a ten-year-old girl, Lila. Lila faces a problem when she finds herself caught between the traditions of her p arnts and American. Her mother understands that Lila Is American We live here now, she was innate(p) here (p. 26) ? and has little understanding of the politics of India and Pakistan.Yet, something still fascinates Lila about her parents homeland. This confusion Lair has developed in her narrator was to demonstrate how important it is to someone to have a sense of belonging to a place and without that feeling they shape lost and upset(a). Alular has revealed feeling a sense of belonging to a place by dint of a young girl and also through an old Indian lady. By comparing Lairds short stories, It illustrates the struggles people face when they have a loss of belongin g to a place, or others.Similar to alone In when Mr. Piranha came to dine Mrs. Seen in the story by the same name, folds herself lost in a different nicety and Is unwilling to reconcile to that culture. Mrs. Seen is an old Indian woman who came to America living In one coun tense up for most of her life she feels a sense of belonging to that culture and no matter where she goes she refuses to change her expectations due to the place she is in. This inability to align to her new society is shown by her inability and unwillingness to learn how to drive.Her detachment from the culture she is living in is shown when she is on a bus with a daublines bag (p. 132) full of fish and a woman with a crisp ovalbumin bag from the drugstore (p. 132) tells the bus driver. Mrs. Seen Is living In a world where blood and the real world are ever- present, a distinct contrast with the healthful world of America. Lair Illustrate the same problem of being hale to adapt and change to survive In some other culture with another old Indian woman.In a real Durban small fry ma works in America and wishes to have a sense of belonging with that country and culture which is unlike Mrs. Seen who refuses to change. Lair wants to demonstrate a similar OFF in accepting change. Boor ma seeks to find belonging to a place but then is rejected due to the untrusting of another culture. We shared our coal, gave her a place to sleep, how could she betray us like this. P. 81 . Boor ma wishes to connect to a culture, to others as well as to a place. Not being accepted in any of those could create a loss f your true identicalness.Being confused about your identity is a universally human problem people face. Many people try to find a sense of belonging within them. Being confused about your identity is a hard Journey to achieve a homey and true description of yourself. Lair illustrates this tough Journey In Sexy. Miranda tries on a number of identities in her search to feel comfortable with in her. She recalls being exploited when she was younger however, the affair with Deep offers her forecast that she can establish a new sense of self. Pressed her face a tallyst Dives engineers intertwined with hers p. 4 revealing the extent that Miranda was nerve-racking to steal someone elses identity and not seek her own. Lair explores the idea that identity, is something that must be hunted. We gain a sense of identity through family, society and culture. For the culturally displaced, this is a difficult endeavourer. The search for identity is universal. Chumps Lair has created a diverse accumulation of characters from young to the old and different cultures, to reveal that problems anyone can face are universal. One of the problems Chumps Lair has created is a universal human desire to belong.Unable to adapt to a different culture or not being accepted, is a tough challenge people face in order to have a sense of belonging. Being tied between two different cultures can spark confusion in where youre meant to belong. In addition trying to find a sense of belonging within themselves in a problem that faces many characters Chumps Lair has created. Ultimately Chumps Lairds key message is that anyone disregarding of their culture, origin, age, or gender can face similar problems, which makes it harder for them to have a sense of belonging.

Childcare Essay

Birth-12 months- Babies depart let to smile at pornographics oddly at their c atomic number 18ers. Will gaze at faces and pull up stakes copy seventh cranial nerve movements. They respond to faces and vocalizations of beaten(prenominal) passel around them, they argon life slightness fainthearted around strangers alone enjoy touch onion from their c atomic number 18rs. They enjoy being held, cuddled and tickled by adults. They e re wholeyow boodle to talk utilize babble noises. Temper tantrums whitethorn nominate plumped. They leap to bring into being more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than than than than demanding and assertive and faecal matter evince r sequence at being told no, they abide no report of sharing and a strong sense of mine.1-2 divisions- Are graceful awargon of new(prenominal)s around them, they whitethorn catch to cast put by dint of to dis bring forth out concomitant and anxiety separation from guardrs and adults they argo n close to. They go forth beat to capture exploring their environment knowing there is a kn deliver adult near for reassurance. As they climb up they female genitalia mark immortalizeing signs of emotions e. g. when a nonher barbarian cries they whitethorn galvanize crying as closely, when another fry smiles at them they leave alone smile spikelet. Are very possessive of toys they may bind and construe it nasty to p petty(a)sh argon. Play becomes more fun with other kidskinren, and they depart mostly be cooperative.They may start to display temper tantrums. 2-3 years-Children leave behind begin to listen just almost alliances and will start to seek others to shargon in their induces and for reassurance. They tend to relegate it hard to see to it their sprightlinesss especially when they be excited and frust dictated. They tend to still look for adults for comfort if they ar up coterie. They ar offset to become more nonparasitic in things they do . 3-4years- basketball team-year-oldsterren will begin to social with in a root word of sisterren and began to play cooper actively almost(prenominal) of the clipping. They began to take control of their toilet call for and become more independent in the in self-help.They argon starting to take witness feelings and start to show empathy towards others. most(prenominal) squirtren will ready started school at the age 4 and will be enjoying their independence. 5-7years-Children will become independent by dressing and undressing themselves. Begin to choose be arrest friends. They start to envision rules and boundaries and like to dumbfound structure and ordinarys. They will seek out adults for cheering and praise. They receive genuine sense of when other children are upset or sad. Their social skills will be arouseing as play becomes more cooperative with other children as they enjoy turn victorious.They will turn in a create a good sense of self- conscious(pre dicate)ness both positive and negative. They now know the difference amongst refine and vilify. Progression towards juvenile years- They are a lot more independent in what they do and become less reliant on others. They begin to form good relationships with others and are more aware of their gender. They begin to come across what behaviour is welcome and what is unaccept fit and have a strong sense of what is right and wrong. They are beginning to what their proclaim privacy. They become more concerned of what other hoi polloi value of them and lav oftentimes become un sure abundant well-nigh current changes.13-19 years- Become more self-motivated within themselves. Need a lot more reassurance as they start to turn up adolescence/puberty, do not appreciate that boots get mingled in how independent they become as they get older. Mood swings and confrontation become more apparent. Will start to engage in new-fangled friendships especially as they progress to go on ed ucation in a new environment. Becomes more self-conscious about their mien and social status. Will begin to engage in more adventures activities except may be aware of the forth coming natural performs paycap commensurate to their involvement.Will begin to think things through in the first place undertaking the action and are more independent in their decisions and in recogniseectual interests. They begin to set goals for their future in education/employment but still take about failure. Language Birth-12 months-Will pop off with others in different ways much(prenominal)(prenominal) as crying, babbling and squealing and will utilization their vocal voice and enjoy vocal play alongside adults , will use gestures such as putting arms up to be picked up, when talked to from a familiar person will sword own sounds in response. 1-2 years- Speech is starting to develop as they start to respond and understand more words.They are starting to acquire new words on a on a regular basis basis. whitethorn start to use unitary- twain word questions and is commensurate to put two words in concert. 2 years-3years- Will start to become more fitting to express what they want to adults and start to understand a teeny-weeny more of what adults are saying to them through words and gestures. They will start to die hard their vocabulary rapidly up to about 70 words between 1-2 years old will tend to have conversations with themselves about what they are doing and uses personal words which as they begin to develop their vocabulary and is adapted to follow one discipline when given by an adult.3-4 years- Children begin to develop their language skills further by beginning able to say their own name and how they old they are. They begin to have a vocabulary of between 250 words to 500 words and starting to use more manifold sentences. Can begin to describe things they are doing and explain why things are happening. 5-7years-Children are change state to have good c ommunication skills as their conversations and questions they get earmark of become more mingled. They are beginning understand the meaning of schoolbook and are starting to recognise letters, sounds and words as well as their own written name.They start to understand that one word can mean two things for example orange for fruit and orange as a colour. They are still building on their language in spoken and written form. Progression towards teenage years- They will still be create their language skills but in a more complex way. Are starting to talk problems through to be able to make for them as their powerfulness to think logically begins to mature. 13-19years- Their language skills are still developing but in a more complex way. somato ancestralBirth-12months- A vitiate will grow rapidly during their first year of maturement within weeks a child will begin pull a face and will turn the head to respond to different sounds in their environment. They will begin to have a pattern in their own routine for example feeding time and sleep time. On the approach to 6 months they will begin to roll over from their front to their back and start clutchesing objects which they will tend to put in their mouth. By 8 months they begin to crawl and by 9 months they begin to start walking.1-2 years- Most babies will be crawling or possibly still shuffling they start to pull themselves up on furniture to the standing dress to backup them to move along from one end to the other. They may start to take a few steps independently or with adult support, they start to become leftover about different objects passing toys from one hand to the other , hand eye coordination is developing as they start holding an object in from each one hand and bringing them unitedly in the middle. They will start to attempt to self-feed themselves with their hands or a spoon and use a cup with two hands.Fine ram skills are developing as they begin to use crayons/pencils in the pal mer cooking stove when mark making. 2-3years- Begins to climb on equipment with confidence, and is able to walk up and down stairs holding onto the rail using two feet at a time. Fine motor skills when mark marking is developing from palmer grasp to tripod grasp as they begin to scribble/ adjourn lines. They have developed the skills to hurry a ball and throw a ball, increasingly able to check small objects with hands. They become more independent in their feeding skills as they begin to easily use a spoon and possibly a fork.Potty training will start being introduced as a child begins to control their bowel movements. Bricks will be built into bigger towers than onward unremarkably with six or seven bricks. 3-4 years- Children are get more independent in their choices. rough motor skills are developing quickly as they begin to run, jump, climb up uprise frames and start to distort and ride a tricycles, when mark making will hold pencil between thumb and finger and begins t o draw lines and circles and may start to copy some letters from their name. Independence in dressing and undressing has developed and toilet training is more independent.Has more confidence in Self-feeding using a knife and fork. 5-7 years- Children begin to have rapid muscle gain in these years. Pencil control is developing as they start to draw circles, peoples and copying words. Preference for dominant hand is starting to show. Is able to guardianship for own toilet needs independently. Begin to have preferences for likes and dislikes. Dressing becomes more independent as they start to call for how to do buttons laces etc. 7-12 years- They have well established hand eye coordination as mark making skills develop in drawing and printing.They are very active as they start to enjoy team games with other children/adults e. g. hitting balls and chasing each other. Boys begin to engage in a lot of rough and tumble games. The suppuration of girls physical suppuration is developi ng quicker than the boys. 13-19years- These years are classed as the transition from child punk rock to adult bully (adolescence) as they will start to experience changes in their bodies. The physical maturement in each child is different at this age as some may just start to mature physically and some may have entirey physically matured. IntellectualBirth-12months- babies start to come across through their senses especially by putting things in and out of their mouths. 1-2years- They are still study through their senses. They start to be curious about things and like to explore objects by using their fingers especially poking their fingers into things and taking things apart. They will start to say the names of familiar objects, people and familiar body part. Start to use one word sentences no au revoir bye and starts to enjoy simple songs and rhymes. 2-3years-Are still accomplishment through all their senses, they are still very curious about things in their environment.T hey are starting to use three to four word senses and start cantabile simple songs and rhymes. 3-4years- At this age they are still learning through using their senses. Are beginning to use their imagination in play using one object to represent another object and are starting to enjoy role play situations. Begin to start to become more curious and inquisitive about their environment. Has large vocabulary, 1500 to 2000 words as they start to approach the age of 5. 5-7years- children will start to follow instructions by adults and will accept help, although they are still unsure about trying new things if they are unfamiliar with them. close to children may begin to stutter when they get excited to tell someone something or if they are nervous. Colour and number recognition is apparent and may start to economize a few letters they recognise. At this age most children are learning to read and write. 7-12years- Children start to have a good care span and are able to solve more compl ex problems. Enjoys functional hard to complete tasks they are set and enjoys challenging experiences. Are curious about how things work and why things happen. Reasoning and thinking becomes more abstract. They may start to enjoy practice, writing and using books.13-19years- They start to begin to think logically about concepts. They become more argue noetic with others Moral. Birth-12months- Babies do not have moral instruction at this age. 1-2 years- Are delicate to adult approval/disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger. No understanding of right from wrong, but starting to understand yes or no. 2-3 years- appears to be independent and self- take ined and wants to be good, but is not yet mature enough to be able to carry out most promises. They are starting to understand the word no, they still do not understand right from wrong.3-4 years- Is starting to understand right from wrong. They are becoming more self-controlled and less aggressive, and may use extreme ver bally threats such as I will kill you without realising the full consciousness. 5-7 years- Is becoming aware of right and wrong is wanting to be good and please adults but may tell lies to blame others for own wrongdoing be former of intense believe to please and do right . 7-12 years- Is very concerned with personal behaviour, particularly as it affects family and friends May experience guilt and shame.Has difficulty in admitting to mistakes but are becoming more capable of accepting failure and mistakes and are aware of consequences of their behaviour. Is aware of right and wrong wants to do right. 13-19 years- Understands right from wrong and consciences of their actions. They try to urge on alternatives and arrive at a decision of their own. They are very un belike to lie and are concerned about how other people are treated. They will experience numerous feelings of anger, sorrow and frustration. They may even be interested in sex as response to physical-emotional urges.1. 2 lose it the difference between sequences of maturation and rate of outgrowth and why the bill is classic. Identifying the difference between the sequence of rate and the rate of developing of children is primary(prenominal) as it helps to identify a childs ability and helps to strike the needs of idiosyncratic children. It also alters you to be able to identify every special educational needs and helps you to plan effectively to make sure they are acquire the help and support they may need in areas they may have gaps in.Sequencing- means a pattern of phylogenesis in children but this can vary in each child. The sequence is a definite order of breedingal milestones that children meet and accomplish over time as they need to finish one area of development before moving to another developmental stage. e. g. rolling over and sitting up occur before learning to walk, a toddler being able to walk before they can run Rate- Is the speed of which children develop but this may v ary greatly in each individual child e. g. a childs will start to babble before they begin to use words. 1.3 Analyse the reasons why children and three-year-old peoples development may not follow the pattern comm merely expected There are some factors which contribute to a child not side by side(p) the pattern of development disability either physical or mental will make them find it harder to learn the like as another child the same age, resources, facilities, possibly restrictions due to a disability, environment (poverty) due to neglect of essential resources needed, emotional problems may cause a child to have wish of concentration or interacting skills, gloss how people bring up their children.There are reasons why development may not follow expected patterns they are Disability can affect development because if children cant use certain(p) parts of their body for example they may not be able to use their legs they wont be able use a climbing frame their physical devel opment wont be able to develop in the expected way. The nursery or school they answer may not have the equipment needed for the child to achieve their desire to use the climbing frame. Emotional difficulties can affect expected patterns of development because a child who is not settled into a nursery and does not have solid relationships with the adults in their life are more apparent to have low egotism and are less likely to try new activities that would help their development. Environmental factors such as poverty and family could affect a childs development because if they do not have much money some opportunities such as nursery will not be available.Family could also affect a child because private parents may not have the time and energy to engage and take exception their child to try new things that would help their development. Food may not be as nourishing and nutritious. Cultural reasons for example girls in many cultures are not given the same opportunities as boys this will cut back their development because they are not expected to go to school. Social factors such as transport could result in development not following expected patterns because parents who dont drive may have difficulties in getting their children to school regularly which could result in poor attention so the child could miss out on headstone factors of their education. alkali schooling could also affect childrens social development as they wont have had many opportunities for social fundamental interaction with children their own age which could result in a social support. Particular learning needs may affect development because a child having difficulties with reading and writing and they are not receiving the extra help they need is likely to fall behind in school work. Communication difficulties could result in development not happening in the expected way because children who have a hearing impairment can cause a delay as we learn to speak by listening this coul d slip by on to a speech impairment which may result in children single expressing what they can and not what they really mean.Parents who dont talk or read to their children will also affect the childs development. 2. 1 Analyse how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors Family Environment- Family life has the most important impact on childrens development due to the various family structures and constancy each individual child has. Cramped Housing May share a manner with several other children, this can lead to cramped spaces for children, not enough room to play, no personal space.Single parents where children may have overleap of male/female role models which may cause social stigma. Parents divorcing/separating- This is very stressful on allone involved, children can become emotionally withdrawn, suffer wish of confidence and can create lack of self-confidence. on the job(p) Parents- When parents have to work all week this will leave little room for direct social, emotional and intellectual support. Step families- When children become part of a new step family it may cause friction, hatred and jealousy between the children from each family and children towards their new step parent.This could lead to the child/teenager to become socially and emotionally withdrawn. Health Problems wellness problems can be a genetic problem or due to the poor living environment they grow up in. If a child is raised in poor fiber housing this may lead to health problems e. g. damp can instigate asthma and other breathing problems, if a child is not getting a good variety of healthy food/nutrition this could lead to health problems. Children who suffer from health problems may miss out on a lot of their education, which could be departmental in the future learning. learnedness difficulties A child with learning difficulties will need extra support in certain areas of development and may develop a low self-esteem becau se they get annoyed with themselves for not being able to do something, such as a simple numeracy problem, or read a book. A child with language/communication difficulties may find it hard to socialise with other people/children. Disability A child in a wheelchair or with a serious physical impairment would find it hard to do many activities, particularly those that are physically demanding.Gross motor skills would be at a less developed rate than peers and fine motor skills may be affected if the child had little or no control over their limbs. Genetic A babys genes are determined at conception. If something is faulty at this stage, this can have a huge impact on the childs development. This may be physical or intellectual. If a mother takes drugs, drinks inebriant or smokes when pregnant, there is an increased chance of delivering an underweight baby at birth. It can also lead to cognitive problems for the child as they get older . Visual impairmentChildren who have visual impair ment usually have some vision this can vary from each child. Some children may be able to see outlines of objects while others may only be able to tell the difference between light and dark. If a child has vision problems this nearly of all time initially delays their physical development. Their utter(a) and fine motor skills would be affected because they would be unable to be as adventurous as children with good vision. Fine motor skills may not be in line with other children as the child would find it hard to do tasks that require precision such as threading beads or colouring.Hearing impairment Hearing is a very important part of learning language and being able to communicate effectively with others. Children will need to learn to speak and listen. Their language and cognitive development would almost certainly be affected, but their social development might be hindered as well. They may speak in a monotone voice and not respond when spoken to. People may start to treat them d ifferently and this might make them feel stranded and secluded from day-by-day experiences 2. 2 Analyse how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of external factorsEducation- Children deserve the outgo start in life in education as it will help them become very academic and achieve their full potential. If they are unable to access the resources they need for their education e. g. books, stationary and internet this will hinder their learning and they may not develop as well as those who have the opportunities. Poverty- Poverty effects childrens development in various ways if they have a poor diet it may cause them to be unfit, lack of energy to be able to concentrate which will affect their progression of development.Children who come from low income families may have fewer opportunities to participate in out of school activities, and have modified access to equipment they may need for their education which will cause lack of motivation. Poor hygiene w ill lead to low self-esteem in a child as they become paranoid about their appearance and in some cases can lead to bullying. Foster Care- can cause long term effects on children due to lack of stability in their life. They have fewer opportunities to make positive relationships with others. They may be confused about why they are in foster care due to un answered questions.They are more venerable, as they have already had experience of the negative experience of being separated from family. Their self-esteem will be low which will make it harder for them to relate and socialise with others and to form shackles private choices- As children begin to develop they start to make personal choices for themselves, the choices they make can have a major effect on their development e. g. starting to smoke, using drugs, drinking, food choices, exercise choices. Family environment and background. In some homes education is not at the front of their things to do list.We can often see this wh ere the parents/ carers are of a lower educational development. This could also show that there is no support at home as the parents do not understand the required educational elements needed to complete the work. personalised choices. If a child or young person as stubborn for what ever reason they do not want to be meliorate or leave school before they finish their education, this is their choice and we cannot always show them alternative choices for staying at school. Looked later/ care status. This again could have a huge influence as a lot of looked after children are moved around regularly.This will affect their education enormously. musical interval and attachment issues are quite often the cause of many reasons not to want to be in school. This is constantly worked on by schools to find the best way to include these children in school and to be able to give them a good standard of education. Education. If for example a child has not attended a nursery or play collec tion in their early years this can often set them back from what development stage they should be at when attending school. This could be the lack of nursery places, not good enough teachers to the child having a learning disability that has not been identified yet. Boyfriends/girlfriends. This is more apparent in young people more than children, but starting and finishing a relationship can be a huge influence on learning. flurry and even heartbroken pupils will not learn to the same full point as others who are not at that stage. 2. 3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Maslow- Believes everyone has fundamental needs that must be met in order for people to reach their full potential. The needs include warmth, food and shelter, love, security and self-esteem.His hierarchy needs has v stages which was expanded to include cognitive aesthetic needs. In our lay we stop the children are well cared for, environment is clean and tidy, and temperature of nursery is at a comfortable level, we provide a healthy balanced diet. Children are allocated a key worker on entry in nursery key worker is responsible for ensuring each childs needs are meet under the EYFP. Maslows theories of development include Humanist. Bandura Created a theory that children learn by observing others, they do not need to be taught straight off as they will imitate and observe what those around them are doing.This is a natural process and does not require the force of an adult. This learning is cognise as data-based learning. In our setting we have a cool down approach to all situations modelling good behaviour. We create an environment where observational learning can take place on a daily basis. Banduras theories including Social Learning. Skinner Believes that children learn language through principles of conditioning and that they learn words by associating sounds with objects, actions and events.They also learn words by imitating other people. We support this in our setting by having a language adequate environment, asking open ended questions, lots of interaction. Skinners theories including Operant Conditioning, Behaviourist and Attachment. Bowlby Believes that attachment behaviours are instinctive and that early relationships and early experiences with care givers have a major role on development and behaviour and influence how children will react to social interactions with other people.former(a) attachment were children are sound to main carer will allow the child to have high self-esteem and will enjoy intimate relationships they will start to have the ability to share their feeling and seek out others for support. We support this in my setting for new starters by introducing them gradually into the setting through visits which will start off with main carer staying with them and then progressing to the child having visits on their own to hold in they feel comfortable in their new envi ronment. Lev Vygotsky- His theory is that childrens development depends on interaction with people and the tools that the culture provides.. He had three different ways cultural tools could be passed from one individual to another. Imitative learning where one person tries to imitate or copy another e. g. when a parent sings an action song and the child tries to copy, Instructed learning which involves remembering the instruction of an adult and then using these instructions, collaborative learning involves a group of peers who strive to understand each other and work together. He believes every new interaction is a learning experience to for children that they must be guided through until they know how to react properly.In our setting cater support this by supporting children who are having difficulty in managing certain tasks. We encourage turn taking and sharing, and provide plenty of opportunities for social interaction with adults and children. Piaget- Believes that childrens cognitive development moves through four different stages of mental development Sensorimotor birth-2 years were a child recognises self as agent of actions and begins to act intentionally, preoperational 2-7years were they learn to use language and represent objects by images and words., concrete operational 7-11 years were children can begin to think logically about objects and events and classify objects according to several features, Formal operational 11-adult hood were they can think logically about abstract propositions. He believed all children pass through these phases to advance to the next level of cognitive development. In our setting we encourage a more hands on approach and more relevant tasks for age/stage of development of child.We emphasise strongly on child- Imitated activities and observations to be able to plan for childrens needs. Freud- Believed that our personalities are do up with three parts the id-is the instinctive part of our personality, the ego- is th e readying part of our personality, and the superego- develops later in childhood it is known as the control part of our personality ,which are not all present at birth but will develop as the child develops. Freud theories of develop include Psychoanalytic. 3.1 Analyse the importance of early identification of development delay Early identification and intervention is the best thing for a childs long term benefits. Early intervention has a dual effect it helps children develop skills that are expected at their age but it also prevents the child from developing negative behaviours. Being able to identify signs of delay in a childs development allows practitioner to make swift assessments and to involve outside agencies to make their own observations of the child.It is an important role for a practitioner to know and understand childrens learning and development in order for them to able to identify any early signs. 3. 2 Explain the potential risks of late recognition of development delay Late recognition of development, can lead to problems later on in life for young person understanding or a child being able to express their own feelings, leaving them feeling angry or frustrated and causing them to act out and by chance develop behaviour problems.It can also affect their confidence and self-esteem causing problems building relationships with peers and becoming. 3. 3 Evaluate how multi dresser teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people Professionals from multi agency bring together all practitioners from different sectors that may need to be involved in on the job(p) to support children, young people and families. Working with multi agency is a way of ensuring that children and young people who need excess support have exactly the right professionals supporting them.When a child needs additional support the SENCO of a setting will gormandise in a CAF form with relevant information and concerns about a child whic h will then be referred to relevant sector to enable team members to share information and support one another so the childs needs are addressed efficiently and effectively. regularly meetings are set to discuss the needs of the child or young people to plan for childs development for example action plans. IEPs and to discuss childs progress. The involvement of multi-agencies will vary as the needs of children and young people will be very different.What is important is that each person brings with them their own specialist skills, expertise and insight so that the child or young person gets the best support possible. Multi-agency working is a varied number l of services that have the corporate aim to provide the best for children and their carers who are in need. The people involved to support a childs needs could be a social worker, play specialist, early years practitioners, educational psychologists, health workers and any person with the ability to step in and help a child wh en their development is being hindered.Early years settings are more of an integrated working because they offer a cocktail of services within the setting, instead than external services which is multi-agency. Englands government framework, Every Child Matters, lists five outcomes that reinforce the importance of working together to achieve the best outcomes for children. The Early Years Framework also states that when professionals work together the results are get out essentially, if all the people involved in a childs life are aware of what that child needs, then development c

Knowledge and Power

Knowledge is exp unmatchednt or is it? The assertion that existledge is post has been variously attributed to Sir Francis Bacon and Albert Einstein, as puff up as m all early(a) nonable and obscure figures. But maybe Eudora Welty, Flannery OConnor, and Ric rocky Wright all know new(prenominal)wise, as demonstrated in their single stories The Worn course of action, A Good Man Is Hard To Find, and The Man Who Was approximately A Man.These stories each show that friendship is non an absolute bestower of spot that occasion does non logically and necessarily follow once virtuoso possesses association. Neither be the terms cognition and source mutually exclusive, but, as batch be seen in the following analysis of the short stories menti bingled above, the major provide sequeling from noesis that get alongs if the someone possessing the experience knows how to design it, and if the person consequently also feels omnipotent. The g all overnment agency gaine d from fellowship is non an absolute might, but is, to a certain extent, subjective.Let us first look at phoenix Jackson, the central character in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path and perhaps the intimately indicantful character in any of the terce stories. capital of Arizona has gained fellowship, and therefore power, from years of quietly studying gentleman behavior, from paying(a) close attention to her surroundings, and from her ca utilise self- assuredness of how she affects others in the initiation. phoenix Jackson world power appear at first glance to be lacking any power she is an elderly, frail-looking fair sex whose eyesight is failing.Phoenix is also a truly(prenominal) poor woman with few valuable pigheadednesss poor people in her position atomic number 18 virtually always seen as lacking power. However, upon side by side(predicate) observation the reader discount see that Phoenix is a very stiff woman thusly. Phoenix uses her cognition of her physical surroundings to enable her to move about in a rather dangerous world, practiced of obstacles twain animate and inanimate. On her journey into town Phoenix encounters much than authority dangers, but because she is cognitionable about their existence, she avoids harm. This capacity to keep herself rubber eraser is one trait which coifs her a powerful woman.Phoenix redden appears to use visualization to help her get across the creek her ability to run across the log and her safe pass long time is a nonher cultivate of fellowship which makes her powerful. Phoenix has body knowledge she has developed the capacity to remember where her body should go, even as her eyesight fails her. The reason this body knowledge makes Phoenix powerful is that she is conscious of the knowledge and of how to use it for example, when Phoenix reaches the city and depended on her feet to know where to take her. (Welty, p. 5). Later in the story we see Phoenix locomote up the steps of her dest ination, until her feet knew to eat up. (Welty, p. 6)Phoenix Jackson has also gained power during her farseeing life with her knowledge about human behavior. Phoenix knows how to use both her own self as hearty as others reactions for her own purposes. Phoenix is seen manipulating the white hunting watch so that she contribute repose his fallen money into her own liberation. Phoenix knows, after only a very shortened encounter, that the hunters ego washbowl be easily counterfeitd for her own purposes. The hunter wishes to appear strong and in control, which Phoenix knows as she reminds the hunter that she needs to be rescued from the cur which ahs knocked her over. Phoenix is able to pocket the money while the hunter is occupied with ridding her of the dog.One tail non manipu recently others without possessing just about sort of power, and powerful Phoenix is seen manipulating others at least twice more than as the story proceeds. Phoenix knows, almost instinctively i t seems, who she scum bag stop on the street to ask for assistance with her shoes. But this small intercommunicate is full of knowledge Phoenix could run through stopped any cast of people on the busy street, but consciously chose to stop a certain woman. possibly Phoenix knew that this particular woman would be more inclined to help her, as she appears to be a nice peeress (Welty, p. 6) full of Christmas spirit, heavy as her arms atomic number 18 with presents.Phoenix once more uses her knowledge about human behavior in beau monde to manipulate the attendant at the clinic, who feels compelled to give a pitiful old woman some money. It is not clear whether Phoenix is manipulating the nurse in order to get medication for herself or whether she does indeed pretend a grandson delay at home, but the nurse is manipulated by Phoenix nevertheless, as she uses her age as an excuse for memory loss.The grandmother in Flannery O Connors short story, A Good Man Is Hard To Find, is not so self-aw atomic number 18 as Phoenix and it is her failure to use her knowledge potently which gets her killed in the end. The grandmother does indeed have knowledge but someways is unable to use it to her advantage.It is an interesting side-note that the grandmother, the mother, and Red Sams wife are the only characters in OConnors story who are not inclined names even the cat has a name. Perhaps OConnor employ this as a subtle indicator of who did and did not have power. Indeed, neither the grandmother nor the mother appear to be very powerful characters in this story and Red Sams wife, though not a central character, is portrayed as plainly chattel for her husband, who orders her around and treats her dismissively.John Wesleys and June Stars grandmother knows from her years on earth that a good man is indeed hard to find she knows that truly trustworthy people are rare treasures among the human race. The grandmothers discussion with Red Sam shows us that she is aware of just how devious people can be. The grandmother knows that people are inherently untrustworthy.However, the grandmothers knowledge does not indeed result in her having power, for she does not use the knowledge correctly. The grandmother gave up the potential power of her knowledge when she revealed what she knew during the encounter with the Misfit. When the grandmother recognized the Misfit, she could have used this knowledge to protect her family.Perhaps Eudora Weltys Phoenix Jackson would have used the grandmothers knowledge in some ingenious way to manipulate the Misfit. But OConnors grandmother is not as powerful as Weltys character, simply because she fails to cultivate her knowledge into a powerful tool. The grandmother was knowledgeable but steady uneffective to save her own and her familys lives.The third character who shows us that knowledge is not necessarily power is Dave, in Richard Wrights The Man Who Was near a Man. Dave shows us that the power from knowledge is partially subjective and not an indisputable fact. The reader sees very quickly that Dave feels small, not only in his physical stature but in his standing among his peers in the community. This contact of smallness is what makes Dave feel virtually powerless.Dave appears to have very limited knowledge of human behavior and of himself as a developing man. Fear is a large factor in Daves twisted perception of what leave alone give him power. Dave is scared of other boys who are all bigger than him he has also been raised to be scared of the adults in his life. This fear has prone Dave the knowledge that, if one is feared, one has power. Of course this knowledge is flawed.But Daves knowledge is not a mature, conscious knowledge it is a knowledge born of his own very limited backwoods experience in the world. Dave sees that, if he can scare others as others have scared him, he pass on be acquire a powerful man. Once Dave has knowledge of how a gun makes him feel, he thinks he has d iscovered an important part of comely a man. Perhaps the most important discovery made by Dave is that his actions have consequences once Dave kills the mule, he sees that something he has done has made a difference, albeit a negative difference, but a difference in the world all the said(prenominal).Although Daves knowledge has the potential to give him power, it is not wellhead developed and is based in fear. Therefore his knowledge may make him an even less powerful person. Dave does not know how to use his new-found knowledge. rather of making him a powerful person, his knowledge may be tour him into a dangerous person as the flawed knowledge becomes more entrenched into his face-to-faceity.Knowledge is power.the central characters in the stories analyzed above each show us, in their own way, that this statement is very over-simplified and not necessarily true. Power can indeed come from having knowledge. But that knowledge essential be carefully cultivated and used app ropriately in order to then provide power. And there are occasions when we can have knowledge but lack the awareness to use that knowledge to our advantage, or power.Last, if we have knowledge but lack the conviction that we have power to use our knowledge in useful ways, we are still left as powerless as if we did not have the knowledge at all. So power resulting from knowledge must also accommodate self-awareness, awareness of others, and the ability to adapt our knowledge to particular situations. Only then can we say that knowledge is power.Knowledge and PowerScientia Potentia Est, a illustrious aphorism that is otherwise translated as For also Knowledge itself is Power, was conceptualized during the late 16th century by the world-renowned Philosopher and Statesman of that time, Sir Francis Bacon. Indeed, Sir Bacon developed an understanding of the motif that by accumulating knowledge, one is able to exert, impose or influence power (as can be inferred) towards another.For in stance, a person who has accumulated knowledge can withhold himself or herself from sharing this knowledge to others. Thus, a sort of in-person advantage develops between those who have knowledge and those who want knowledge. The scoreer, if desired, can in the end influence the actions of the latter if the existing desire for knowledge is used against them. Otherwise, the same result could also be inferred from the opposite once knowledge is divided by the person who has accumulated them, power is speculateed in the sense that the person who has shared it had the privilege of sharing it.Such an example only perpetuates the idea of equivocalness of the concept of power. Indeed, power, in all its pisss and contexts, is a concept that has been contested my umteen scholars and philosophers alike for decades, even centuries. Some relate power in the form of having the ability of exercising coercion. Others relate the concept with the stubbornness of corporal wealth. tranquill ize further, others profess that power is somehow cerebrate to mixer class. Unfortunately, these credible attempts at establishing links to the concept of power only express supplementary ambiguity to the term.For example, even though power can be somehow related to the ability of using force (coercion), the term can also be associated with the ability of persuasion a rather mild version of quasi-coercion that does not involve the usage of force. The same thing goes with the idea of power as equaled to the possession of material wealth and as represented by loving class. Contrary to the latter statement, intangible or incorporeal wealth can also be associated with power as a substitute for material wealth. Also, behind social class lie the idea of power as related to personal or group charisma and expertise. In other words, a person belonging to the highest social class in fiat cannot be more powerful over those that are below his social class if those undivideds under his cla ss are more charismatic and more adequate and excellent in terms of abilities and skills.Having identified the cumbersome and vapourisable nature of power, is it still plausible to conclude that knowledge is indeed power? Is there a relevant connection between the two concepts? If none, can a relevant connection be established no be how arguable or refutable? Basically, does the possession of knowledge represent the possession of power?To answer this question, let us first understand how scholars and philosophers of the gone have identified and/or defined power during their time.The great nineteenth century philosopher, Sir Friedrich Nietzsche, often described the concept of power as something that expresses ones domination over other human beings. If so, then knowledge could indeed be a source of power since the ignorance of knowledge denotes low quality in logical thinking and skillful know-how thus, disavowing the ability or hazard of the individual to dominate others who do possess knowledge. However, another dilemma may arise from the latter statement. If knowledge is truly a source of power, how come individuals who do possess knowledge are not powerful?The answer, of course, is that knowledge in itself is not power. In order for knowledge to become a source of power, the individual must be able to aptly have or exercise his or her knowledge in the form of actions for the purposes of achieving or producing results. As some scholars have put it, knowledge is power only if one knows how to use it. Truly, if one individual possesses a myriad come up of knowledge but does not know how to translate it into action, then power is not represented. This concept, however, does not stray away from the concept of knowledge as a source of power nor does it emanate from the idea of action as a source of power rather than the mere possession of knowledge.It must be understood that actions are determined by the individuals mind. If a certain amount of knowledge is absent within the individuals cognitive processes then the action executed may not produce tremendous results that are reflective of the representation of power. However, if knowledge is indeed present, chances are that actions executed may produce excellent results that would be quite an superior to actions that are conducted without knowledge. Simply said, actions augmented by knowledge reflect power on the part of the individual (superiority).In order to make the prior points more plausible, let us try establishing the concept in a certain field or study. In this instance, let us put the concept of power as knowledge into the workplace in this character a corporation.Most corporations possess similar theories of institution ranging from the classical theory of organization to the more systematic (systems) theory of organization. And with these models comes a set of different levels, styles or concepts of hierarchy and/or bureaucracy (formal and informal, orthodox or unortho dox). In other words, corporations always try to establish a division of power among its drawing cardship and players. Now, let us try to apply the concept of knowledge as power in a leader-worker human relationship. Leaders of corporations, in all intents and purposes, are the decision-makers of the entire system.Workers, on the other hand, have more of a hands-on approach compared to their respective leaders. As far as the relationship goes, it is the leader who will decide how the workers will act. Now, the question is, is this a simple form of exercising power? Is the authority of the leader over the workers a concrete example of power in the form of knowledge? The answer, of course, is no it is not a simple form of power illuminated by knowledge at least not completely. One possible reason wherefore this is so is because the relationship between the two actors reflect two issues as can be inferred from the general concept of power.First, the source of power as reflected fr om the leader can mostly likely be originating from his or her given authority. In other words, it is the granted authority of the corporation that is providing the leader his or her own personal power and not his or her own possession of knowledge. Second, the worker cannot be subject to inferiority since the worker is aware that his or her job is to simply follow orders. For power to be present, one must be able to persuade or force an individual to do what he or she wishes. Otherwise, if the worker decides not to follow the orders of the leader, then it can be inferred that the worker is expressing power over the leader (charisma or personal ability). But that is another issue.If so, how is knowledge as a source of power reflected in a leader-worker relationship? One possible explanation could be found from the personal histories of both actors.Respective or high positions in most corporations require excellent abilities or practical know-how. As such(prenominal), no principle i ndividual can just apply or be promoted to such a position if the individual does not possess the indispensable skills or abilities that the position requires. Simply said, leaders are on their respective positions simply because they possess the required skills and as a result, are thoroughly dependent of fulfilling its functions.Workers, on the other hand, may not possess these prerequisites or capabilities. However, this does not imply that workers are not knowledgeable. This merely implies that workers are yet on the verge of acquiring or developing the necessary knowledge for fulfilling the functions that are required by the position. And where can a worker acquire this necessary knowledge? The answer, definitely, is quite reflective of the answer to the whole problem of where can the idea of knowledge as power be inferred from a leader-worker relationship from the leader.Indeed, if a worker wishes to achieve the same position as that of his or her own leader, then that work er must first develop knowledge based from his or her work and eventually acquire knowledge from his or her own leader. If recognized (or desired), the leader who possesses the knowledge that is required by the worker can now express or exercise power over the worker in the sense that the leader now has the choice of whether or not to impart his or her own knowledge to the worker.Going back to the foregoing points, if an individual withholds his or her own knowledge from sharing it to others, then power is gained in the form of an advantage thus, producing a sense of superiority. As one head of a corporation has put it, Knowledge is power and you do not share power. The worker, however, can try to acquire knowledge of the same context from others and that action might change the idea of power in a leader-worker relationship. However, it is very unlikely that this is to happen for if the worker decides to gather power outside of his or her own corporation that knowledge may well be different from what the corporation may require or need.As mentioned earlier, power is a concept that has been contested my many scholars and philosophers alike for centuries. To suddenly come up with a personal explanation of power in the form of the possession of knowledge is something not new in the world of power.As demonstrated, power is a really ambiguous term, let alone be defined in terms of knowledge. However, one cannot deny the fact that knowledge is indeed a source of power for if knowledge is absent, one will not be able to exercise the myriad forms of power over others.In conclusion, if knowledge (in any form) is present within an individual and that that individuals counterpart possesses a certain amount of ignorance of over the same typewrite of knowledge, then the former is most likely to be more powerful over the latter. Simply put, the possession of knowledge is superiority over those who do not possess knowledge.Works CitedCaruso, Denise. Knowledge is Power only if you know how to use it. March 2007 The New York Times 21 November 2007, http//www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/business/yourmoney/11frame.html?_r=1&oref=sloginWimmer, Sandra. For Illinois Agency, Knowledge is Power and Promise. August 2005 brass Procurement 21 November 2007,http//www.allbusiness.com/government/government-procurement/1162860-1.htmlLloyd, Bruce. The Paradox of Power. May 1996 The Futurist 21 November 2007,http//www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-leadership/553463-1.htmlGrant, Beau. Knowledge is POWER. October 2005 Government Procurement 21 November 2007, http//www.allbusiness.com/management/928236-1.html