Genetics and Genomics Essay

1. One affected role has a grade I tumor of the lung, while an opposite patient has a grade IV tumor of the lung. Explain how tumors in various stages are similar and how they differ. (1 point) both(prenominal) stage I and stage IV lung crab louse is presented with cellular differentiation, freeing of normal tissue structure, as heart and souly as irregular size of it of it and shape of the nucleus. Normal cells are able to divide and flush it cancer cells are pile up on top of each opposite forming a tumor. The staging and grading of cancer depends on evaluation of size of the tumor, degree of assault extent of spread and differentiation of cells. Stage I lung cancer is a tumor less than 3cm ,has no evidence of infringement, well differentiated, whereas stage IV tends to be least differentiated have virtually anaplasia, can be any size and have spread to early(a) organs. The similarity sometimes noted in symptoms that patient is presenting with. Two patients may pres ent with same symptoms and have two different stages. further the selection rate is the same regardless of stage.2. If a patient has breast cancer, how would angiogenesis and invasion influence tumor growth and metastasis? (1 point) Angiogenesis is a physiological process of underdeveloped new blood vessels. This normal process is not only supply the normal cells but also nourishes the cancer cells. Small cancers are futile to develop new blood vessels, however larger cancers can. The process of invasion occurs between the beginning of the event and development of obvious tumor, some mutated cells die while others reproduce. The tumor at this point continues to grow and reproduce. Breasts tissue is very(prenominal) vascular and very close located to lymph nodes. Cells break off from the sure tumor and travel through the lymphatic system and blood stream, to the other organs where they produce secondary tumors.Chapter 143. Compare and contrast the compassionate and parasympat hetic nervous systems. (0.75 point) Sympathetic nervous system originates in a spinal cord. The small neurons enter the ganglia near the cord, the ganglia forms a chain that spreads the propensity to neurons ( bitganglionic) which are responsible for reaching many organs and glands. Physiologic make of sympathetic nervous system is vasoconstriction, elevated blood pressure, increase heart rate and contractility, increased respiratory rate, sufficient amount of blood tend to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle relaxation of the lungs, stomach, and urinary tract, sphincter contractions, dilated pupils and cilial muscle relaxation, increased sweat gland secretion and reduced pancreatic secretions. Parasympathetic nervous system contrasts in the place of its origin, as it originates from profound nervous system through cranial boldnesss from mid school principal and medulla. later on leaving the CNS the long preganglionic fibers fiber of each parasympathetic nerve travels to a gangl ion near a particular organ or gland, and the shortsighted postganglionic fibers enter the organ or gland. The sympathetic has opposite order. With parasympathetic nervous system blood pressure heart rate respirations are measured at low levels, GI tract is active after meal, pupils constricted. These two systems compensate each others activities.3. A patient has increased intracranial pressure of 30 mmHg caused by a immense closed head injury. Explain the process of increasing intracranial pressure, and hold forth possible complications if the pressure is not decreased. (1 point) With closed head injury, external rend is applied to the head and brain causing a disturbance of physiologic constancy. The injury has an impact on brains compensatory mechanisms by elicit them to the point where they became no longer effective. This leads to increased intracranial pressure. As increased intracranial pressure continues to rise, leading to increased cerebral blood combine which it cau ses venous congestion. This adds more increase to intracranial pressure, which at this point causes cellular hypoxia. As cellular hypoxia occurs brain death is imminent.4. Two unmarrieds come to the urgency department with head injuries. A 25 years old, has just been in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporary lobe injury. The other, 65 years old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened rather in the week. How could you clinically differentiate between the individual with the epidural haematoma and the individual with the subdural hematoma? Which one of these individuals requires priority surgical sermon? (1 point)To clinically distinguish between these two injuries it is vital to understand the attitude of the injury, age of the individual, and extent of the injury. In this case the 25 year-old individual post motor vehicle accident has suffered extradural hematoma. The impact of the accident has caused rough force trauma to head, which caused a ruptur e of meningeal artery. Arteries are for the most part are larger and hightail it quicker, which predisposes this individual for quick blood loss. insurrectionist heart beat and breathing can lead to coma. The 65 year-old individual that has suffered a fall is presenting with subdural hematoma which involves veins, stretching of the veins causes them to tear and bleed. However since this patient is older and in older individuals brain cells die and brain shrinks there is more space in a brain so the veins stretch under low pressure and dont bleed as fast. As this condition can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to herniation of the brain it definitely requires immediate intervention. as yet the priority surgical treatment will be the individual with extradural hematoma due to increased risk of bleeding.Chapter 196. What conditions must be present for a diagnosis of Reye syndrome? (0.25 point)Reye syndrome is believed to be caused by Influenza A, B, and yellow(a) pox. Aspirin also should be avoided with children as it may cause Reye syndrome. rough studies suggest genetic predisposition to Reye syndrome. Some of the conditions that must be existent with this disease are persistent vomiting, loss of consciousness, and effects memory function. Reye syndrome affects temporal lobe of the brain where memory is stored. The encephalopathy is caused by liver depositing lipids. While flavour at physiologic symptoms, the cerebrospinal fluid is obtain, and will likely be positive for leukocyte. Treatments depend on the extent of the illness.