Past, Present, and Future Trends Essay

Policing as defined by Merriam Webster is to control, regulate, or keep in order by the use of police. Since the early years of its existence, policing has taken on several changes some historically. Policing has made momentous changes since its implementation. Policing has changed form a one sheriff community to a multi-agency department of law enforcement officials sworn to protect and serve. The changes made in policing have varied from race and gender. The development of policing within each level of government has proven to be an every growing entity with major obstacles. The changes in criminal activity, the age of those breaking the law, and the changing laws has made policing and ever changing agency. Past trends like gangs always have been an issue, but pose serious challenges for law enforcement today. â€Å"More and more juveniles are transferred to adult court systems, greater demands will be placed on correctional institutions and their staff (Muraskin & Roberts, 2009, pg. 3, Para 5)†. With the threat of urban terrorism, these aggressive gangs control the social lives of many neighborhoods, becoming more of a threat than foreign terrorists (Muraskin & Roberts, 2009) Past trends like the large use of illegal drugs that are still causing high incarceration rates is proving that incarceration is not working. These offenders, which were incarcerated for these crimes once released relapse into the same criminal behavior, leaving many victims behind. There have been several changes in policing from the mid 1800s. With the continued changes and growth within many communities, the law enforcement community needed to change and grow with the communities. There were many changes that needed to take place to serve the community and society. Many changes have occurred from the 1960s on into the 1990s. One major change in policing has been the representation of African American officers in many police departments (Walker, Katz, Ch.2). The process to the present policing was a slow and effective process, which has changed over the years to create a more effective policing system. To this day, in many communities there are problems within policing. The present problems still include corruption and many political influences from within the community. Policing today has become more effective with little discrimination. The future produces many different avenues for change in police organizations. Technology has grown, times have changed and people are different today when it comes down to policing in the United States. Almost everything will be digital, accurate and there will no longer be a need for as many officers. The use of our satellites in space will be more common and crime will be detected easier and response times will be faster. The communication with fellow officers will be better. With the future so bright, technology evolving by the day, policing organization can only progress. This will also have a positive impact on the community and maybe it will place trust in our judicial system again. . The changes policing has endured over the course of years has evolved policing into a multifunctional agency of dedicated men and women who have promised to protect and serve. For policing to be effective, agencies of the criminal justice system must continue to work hand-in-hand to provide the best protection for its citizens. Policing will be ever changing because of the differences of criminal activity presented and by the type of criminals involved. Reference: Chapter 2 The History of the American Police by, Samuel Walker, Charles M. Katz https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=a8b78864-484e-4b62-b701-f4fe1ceab16e&assetmetaid=861d2838-2f16-4997-b003-4b80c855c78b

Antacid Report

Testing the Effectiveness of Commercial based Antacids Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to determine, by testing several dissolved commercial antacid solutions, which can best neutralize acid and is the most effective for heartburn. Hypothesis: If all three different types of Antacid were tested and neutralized with the Hydrochloric acid, then the one that would be the most effective antacid would be the TUM’s Ultra Strength Calcium because it is larger and because it is Ultra Strength, it should be more effective. Materials †¢Compliment Extra Strength Antacid Tablet †¢TUMS Life Ultra Strength Calcium Antacid Tablet †¢Goggles †¢Thymol Blue †¢Mortar and Pestle †¢Beakers †¢pH probe †¢Clamp †¢Retort Stand †¢Pipette-Graduated †¢Hydrochloric Acid(HCl) †¢Distilled Water †¢pH 4 solution Procedure- 1. All the materials were gathered/assembled. 2. The clamp was secured onto the Retort stand, 3. The pH probe was then at tached to the clamp and secured tightly 4. With the pH 4 solution, the pH probe was calibrated properly according to SNC2D0 standards 5. One antacid tablet was weighed with the scale and the result was recorded 6. Step 5 was repeated for the other two antacid tablet brands used. 7.Once each tablet was weighed, they were then crushed and grinded with the mortar and pestle and each put in their respective beaker 8. 25 Millilitres of distilled water was then added to each beaker and stirred gentle until a milky solution was made 9. One solution of the antacid’s was taken to the Tort stand and the pH probe was lowered into the solution 10. 4-6 Drops of Thymol Blue was put into the solution with the pipette, or as many drops was needed to indicate a color change. 11. As indicated on the pH probe, the pH of the solution was recorded down 12. Using the pipette, Hydrochloric Acid was gathered; inside the pipette 13.Individual drops of the Hydrochloric acid were then added, each drop added was recorded on the table 14. At the same time as the drops added, the solution was continually stirred with the stirrer 15. Drops of HCl were added to the solution until the pH recorded by the pH probe says 2 or the solution is clear red. 16. The number of drops added were recorded on the table 17. Steps 9-16 were then repeated with the other two solutions of Antacids Observations Table 1: TUM’s Ultra Strength reactions to Hydrochloric Acid Drops Quantitive Observations-pHQualitive ObservationsBefore adding of Hydrochloric acid6. 8 pHOrange, milky, opaque 25 Drops of Hydrochloric acid5. 5 pHGrainy, Opaque, white 50 Drops of Hydrochloric acid4. 5 pHFizzing, grainy, opaque, white 75 Drops of Hydrochloric acid4. 1 pHFizzing, grainy, opaque, white 100 Drops of Hydrochloric acid3. 9 pHSlight increase in clarity, fizzing more, less grainy 125 Drops of Hydrochloric acid3. 4 pHLess grainy, less white, fizzing less 150 Drops of Hydrochloric acid2. 4 pHTranslucent, fizzing less 158 Drops of Hydrochloric acid1. 8 pHClear, translucent, grains at the bottom, stopped fizzing, slightly pinkTable 2: Life Ultra Strength Reactions to Hydrochloric Acid drops Quantitive Observations-pHQualitive Observations Before adding of Hydrochloric acid8. 8 pHMushy, translucent, white 25 Drops of Hydrochloric acid5. 5 pHOpaque, white, slight yellow 50 Drops of Hydrochloric acid5. 0 pHPrecipitate forming, white, milky 75 Drops of Hydrochloric acid3. 6 pHPrecipitate more visible, solid, white, 100 Drops of Hydrochloric acid2. 7 pHSolid separating from liquid 125 Drops of Hydrochloric acid2. 4 pHSlight pink in color, translucent 7liquid 150 Drops of Hydrochloric acid1. pHPink shade in color, solid separated and on top of liquid, Gaseous smell coming Table 3: Compliments Extra Strength reaction to Hydrochloric Acid drops Quantitive Observations-pHQualitive Observations Before adding of Hydrochloric acid7. 9 pHGreen, grainy, solids at the bottom, opaque 25 Drops of Hydrochloric acid 5. 3 pHPrecipitate forming on top, green, opaque 50 Drops of Hydrochloric acid3. 0 pHMore liquidous, transparent 75 Drops of Hydrochloric acid2. 0 pHLiquid state, transparent, top is solid/precipitate Table 4: Neutralizing ability of the Antacids Product nameNeutralizing abilityTUM’s Ultra Strength79 Life Ultra Strength68. 2 Compliments Extra Strength37. 5 Analysis: I am able to make a few generalizations due to the course of these results. It can be said that TUMs has the highest neutralization ability, as it took the most amount of drops to bring the pH level to two. It is also said Compliments has the lowest neutralization level, as it took the least amount of acid to bring the level to two. Discussion: 1. I believe the most effective antacid tablet of the experiment would be the TUM's Ultra Strength, opposed to the Life Ultra strength, and the Compliment's Extra Strength.I say this because even though the TUM's ultra strength did have the lowest pH of the three tablets, t he tablet did however take more Hcl than the other tablets to go to 2 pH—158 drops of Hcl, thus effectively neutralized the acid for the longest of time. Life Ultra did however become very close to TUM's, with exactly 150 drops of Hcl to bring the pH to two. 2. The TUM's and the Life Ultra both had 1000 mg of calcium carbonate and then because of that, they lasted longer than the Compliment's extra which only had 750 mg of calcium carbonate. 3. In the TUM's, the orange color changed to white when the acid was introduced; in the LifeUltra, the white color changed to a light yellow shade. These changes happened because the pH level changed in the process of adding the acid, thus making the indicator change colors. 4. It was necessary to continually stir the acid because the acid must be properly distributed in the base solution; if you didn't stir the solution, the acid would stay in that place and would not react with the other parts of the basic solution, leading to an inaccu rate neutralization. Thus stirring would ensure a higher rate of accuracy. 5. It was stopped at 2 pH because of the pH environment needed to simulate.The experiment was the effectiveness of Antacids on the human stomach, and since the normal pH of a stomach is 2 pH, it was needed to be brought down to 2 pH to simulate that same environment. 6. I would like an antacid to be able to dissolve over a period of time. I would like this because then the effects would be able to last longer if the heartburn is damaging enough. If the effects were too quick, then the heartburn could start up and then it would be a wasted effort; with the Antacid that stays, it controls the pH properly. 7. Liquid medicines and Solid medicines both have advantages over each other.Liquid medicines are that they are quick to react and start working and they easily absorbed; they can be drunk. Solid medicines however are predesigned, so it is hard to take a wrong dosage with them, while kitchen utensils holding t he liquid medicine can easily over or under measure. 8. I would have to consider the strength of the tablet; if I don’t have chronic heartburn, I wouldn't need such a strong antacid. I would have to consider my age and BMI; if I am young, I wouldn’t want to take a higher daily dosage, and if I’m bigger I would need a larger daily dosage. 9.There are various strengths and weaknesses associated with this experiment, as well as a few errors that could have arisen. One of the errors that could have arisen is the antacid pill and mixture was not crushed and mixed properly, which could lead to inaccurate answers and inaccurate distribution of acid. Another error would be that the mixture was stirred inaccurately or improperly, which could lead to more inaccurate results as the acid is misdistributed. The strengths of this lab are that it gives the students a closer and more interactive way of showing the differences and the usage of antacids and also of HCl acid.A wea kness for this experiment could be that if not done properly, results can be misconstrued and biased, thus leading to bad results. Conclusion: The purpose of this lab was to show the different reactions of commercial antacids and to which is more effective as an Antacid. In the various antacid experiments, the TUM’s Ultra Strength required the more drops of HCl per gram than the Life Ultra Strength and Compliments Extra Strength. This shows that is able to last longer in an acidic environment and neutralize it properly. Thus TUM’s ultra strength would be the better Antacid.

Assessing The International Human Resource Management Methods Business Essay

Assessing The International Human Resource Management Methods Business Essay Due to globalization, the economy around the world has been largely integrated. Many corporations are expanding their markets into regions or other countries they have never touched before. These corporations are experiencing an evolutionary stage: internationalization. It is clear that effective human resource management of an organization is the major competitive advantage and may even be the most important determinant of organizational performance. Thus, in order to survive in the crucial global economic market, a multinational corporation (MNC) mainly relies on the capability of its international human resource management (IHRM) during the internationalization process. In other words, it is the IHRM’s responsibility to enable the MNCs to be successful globally. Over the past several decades, practitioners and scholars have devoted great effort to explore the field of IHRM and there have developed thousands of literatures which support the notion that international human r esource management is increasingly an important topic. Most of their focus has been on IHRM issues in MNCs. Further, much of the literature deals specifically with managing expatriates (Napier, 1998).This literature review is divided into five parts. First part provides a brief introduction of the IHRM definition. In the second part, reasons for the increasing importance of IHRM are explained. Then, the author introduces strategic IHRM and an integrative framework of Strategic IHRM in MNCs Definition of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) What is IHRM? Actually, it is not easy to provide a precise definition of international human resource management (IHRM) because the responsibility of an HR manger in a multinational corporation (MNC) varies from one firm to another. Generally speaking, IHRM is the effective utilization of human resources in a corporation in an international environment. Scullion (1995: p352) defined IHRM as â€Å"the HRM issues and problems arising fro m the internationalization of business, and the HRM strategies, policies and practices which firms pursue in response to the internationalization of business†. In most studies, the term IHRM has traditionally focused on expatriation (Brewster and Harris, 1999). However, IHRM covers a far wider spectrum than expatriation management. Four major activities essentially concerned with IHRM were recruitment and selection, training and development, compensation and repatriation of expatriates (Welch, 1994). Iles (1995) also identifies four key areas in IHRM as recruitment and selection, training and development, managing multicultural teams and international diversity and performance management. From the perspective of worldwide people management, Hendry (1994) points out three main issues in IHRM: 1) expatriation management and development; 2) the management internationalization through the whole organization; 3) creating a corporate culture to internationalize the corporation to fu lfill the increasing need of inter-cultural interactions of doing business abroad and in home country. Recent definitions concern IHRM with activities of how MNCs manage their geographically decentralized employees in order to develop their HR resources for competitive advantage, both locally and globally. The role and functions of IHRM, the relationship between subsidiaries and headquarters, and the policies and practices are considered in this more strategic approach. Dowling, Schuler and Welch define IHRM as â€Å"a collection of policies and practices that a multinational enterprise uses to manage local and non-local employees it has in countries other than their home countries (Dowling et al., 1993: p2).†

Write a brief explanation why you think you would be a good candidate Essay

Write a brief explanation why you think you would be a good candidate for this position - Essay Example currently looking for Aviation after School Program, I got thrilled and energized that I can finally work with children who are interested in learning and exploring. I can assure you that I am a good candidate for this position because I am highly knowledgeable about the science and engineering concepts involved in aviation. I am currently studying Bachelor of Science in Aircraft Operations Minor in Air Traffic Control, and I expect to complete my college education in May 2013. At present, I work for Dynamic Airways as a flight attendant, and possessing knowledge about proper and effective managing of passengers and ensuring their safety are fundamental requirements of my job. As a flight attendant, I am also expected to deliver outstanding customer service and make sure that all passengers are assisted appropriately. As an individual, I characterize myself as someone who is highly motivated and possesses a happy disposition. I am always inspired to work and exceed expectations. I work well with children, especially when we have kids in the plane. I understand what children need to keep them busy and interested while learning at the same time. I am also a very hard-working person who is constantly willing to learn new

Undergraduate Degree in Economics at the University of Brunei Essay

Undergraduate Degree in Economics at the University of Brunei Darussalam - Essay Example Shortly after my PGCE course, I was posted to a Secondary school teaching fourth and fifth years "O" Level Economics and Mathematics.   Then last year, the Ministry of Education implemented a new educational system where various new subjects were introduced. Our Minister of Education further mentioned that teachers need to be more knowledgeable in the subjects they teach, sounding the challenge that "a good teacher is someone who can master the subject".   Along with this challenge, the Minister of Education unveiled a program to provide the scholarship for teachers to pursue further studies in the subjects aligned with their degrees in The United Kingdom. During the nine years, I have been in the school, teaching Economics and Mathematics for "O" Level students, I have held many administrative responsibilities that have taught me numerous lessons in school management. My most challenging was when I was appointed as Head of the Timetabling Section, looking after teachers and clas sroom timetables. Coordinating schedules and university resources was a challenge I truly relished as it gave me an opportunity to apply my skills in organizing events, logistics and leading people; as I have been, for the most part of my life, an outgoing person who loves being around and working with people in various positions.   My experience is with the school's Scouting Club, various Sports Clubs and the Parents-Teachers Association served me well in successfully executing my duties. This year, I have been appointed as the new Head of Examination Section. This entailed that I work independently, under considerable pressure, and yet work as well as I can in getting along with others

Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 3 - Essay Example written, the illusion of class mobility was in existence since leaders created the assumption that strategies were put in place to minimize class differences. However, the society still had massive class based divisions. Meritocracy refers to the ability of the society to acknowledge the success of a person based on their achievements and rewards rather than their wealth and social status. Class marker is the definition towards a certain class level or perception towards a class. The article aims to change the class marker based on wealth and social superiority. In the article, the role of the media in creating class differentiations is criticized. The article criticizes the media for shielding the truth of the nature of the different class levels. In particular, the article cites that the media tends to favor the rich class as it provides information that praises the class (Mantsios 386). Information provided on the low class has limited information and depth. However, this may not be true. The modern day media provide massive information on the situation at the low class. In addition, there are increases calls to improve life in the low class as well as bridge the gap between classes. This is done by highlighting the plight of people living in the low class. Considering the era the article is created, much has been done to improve media coverage on social classes. The media then only focuses on strategies put in place to develop the high class. In addition, the low class has never been viewed as significant part of the society thus sparki ng a much less interest to the public. The main difference between the poverty and wealthy gap is the size. The income gap is determined by the ability of a society to live a comfortable life with access to social amenities. In regards to economic status, the poverty gap is disadvantages significantly. The class is poorly compensated for their services. The article uses data from the number of women with color who live wealthy

Historical Essay for DREAM Act Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical for DREAM Act - Essay Example Reports show that California has the largest population of illegal immigrants compared to other states. The act poses an economic threat since the immigrants demand goods and other services that affect the economic growth while receiving various government benefits. The immigrants also reduce the wages paid to lower income and the less educated workers with a reduction in employers companies that employ them (Hanson, p.14). The Dream Act is a proposal by the American Legislative introduced on 1st August 2001 in the Senate. The Act introduced in the Senate for several times but failed to pass and proposed a multi-phase for the undocumented immigrants in the United States granting conditional residency upon meeting further qualification (Durbin, p.22). The development and relief of Dream Act of 2005 amends the illegal immigration reform and authorizes the Homeland Security to cancel the removal and adjust to conditional permanent resident status. In the year 2005, Margaret Stock, a retired Colonel in the U.S pointed out the potential beneficiaries of the Dream Act more so in the military field. She opposed the deportation law of the young people claiming that it makes no sense. She instead proposed that the young men would be recruited in the military, and thus the nation security in the country would increase. The Act continued to attract support in 2007 when Senator Richard Durbin proposed that the imm igrant students with great potential could be allowed to contribute to the society and the security. Jim Edgar, former Illinois Governor expressed his support towards the Dream Act claiming that a kind nation like the U.S should not turn their back on the young generation brought by their parents suggesting that they should join the colleges and finally qualify for a permanent citizenship (Durbin, p.15). In the recent years, the Act failed to pass in 2009 even though the Senator

Productivity in the workplace as an lpn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Productivity in the workplace as an lpn - Essay Example Most of the nurses view lpn roles similar to certified nursing attendants: nurses feel that lpn need to be told what to do and be closely monitored. Lpn’s believe that a professional degree gives authority and autonomy in an organization; moreover, increases motivation for workplace productivity. The feeling that they are being treated equal to nurses enforces them to work hard, care more, and be at good relation with co-workers. In order to reduce conflict and increase workplace productivity of lpn, collaboration between nurses, lpn, and management must be addressed. A health care institution with good working relationships smoothen work flow by facilitating ease of task. Time is not wasted for arguments and health care workers focus only on how to deliver quality care to clients; therefore, human resources are maximized which increases workplace

Analysis Cases In Arbitration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Analysis Cases In Arbitration - Research Paper Example The U.S. Court of Appeals had declined to reassess the decision made by the en banc on February 1, 2012, in the case of Italian Colors Restaurant v. AET Related Services Co. Owing to this reason, the Supreme Court of the US is quite likely to be requested to revisit the issue related to class action waivers in the arbitration agreement by the US Court of Appeals. The dispute arose because of the fact that the Second Circuit denied offering an en banc rehearing. The chief judge, as well as four other judges, asserted that the case must be reheard which led to splits among the judges grounded on the protest that the Ninth Circuit was not being followed. In Italian Colors, it can be observed that the Second Circuit panel did not impose the class action waiver in relation to AE arbitration agreement considering that it would prevent the claimant from impeaching its federal antitrust claims. In the complaint, the Plaintiff claimed that the merchant contract disobeyed the SA. The merchant contract comprised of the arbitration provision that needed all claims that arose from agreement to be decided by means of arbitration. The SC on remand will face the concern of whether class-action waivers in case of arbitration agreements are unconscionable just because they prevent disputes from being resolved by ways of class proceedings. In an order list that was published within a week after the decision, it was found that the Supreme Court provided a writ of certiorari and thus evacuated and remanded the case of AE v. ICR.merican Express v. Italian Colors Restaurant. The court further ordered the Second Circuit to reassess its decision in relation to the unenforceability of class-action waiver in light of the Stolt-Nielsen opinion (Consumer Financial Service Group, â€Å"Second Circuit Splits with Ninth Circuit on Enforcement of Class Action

The Gender Theory Essay Example for Free

The Gender Theory Essay Shopping is something that can be quickly defined as a woman’s paradise or â€Å"realm of expertise†. It has often been said that women spend more time and money shopping that men spend time and money shopping. In my experiment, I will go to Costco and choose five people at random. I intend to prove that women will spend more time and money shopping at Costco than men will spend time and money at Costco. I also intend to prove that more women will need assistance with placing their items in their vehicles than men will need assistance with placing their items in their vehicles. The gender role theory played a significant role in this experiment. In the theory, women assume the role of the nurturer and caregiver. Men, on the other hand, assume the role of the protector and the aggressor. Subject A- Female (37) 1. Time spent in Costco- two hours. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $149. 27. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? No Subject B- Female (52) 1. Time spent in Costco- one hour. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $50. 12. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? No Venus vs. Mars 3 Subject C- Male (31) 1. Time spent in Costco- three hours and thirty minutes. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $412. 92. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? Yes Subject D- Male (47) 1. Time spent in Costco- three hours. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $371. 58. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? Yes Subject E- Male (22) 1. Time spent in Costco- twenty minutes. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $22. 12. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? No The gender role theory was switched with the test subjects. The women, Subjects A and B, were defensive when approached for the experiment. They both were short and to the point with their answers. They were both aggressive to the point wherein they asked me to stand at least an arms length away from them. The men, on the other hand, were quite the opposite. Subjects C and D both were inviting and talkative. They both shook my hand and held lengthy conversations with me after I assisted them with placing the items in their respective vehicles. Subject E behaved the same way as Subjects A and B. Venus vs. Mars 4 The expected outcome did not occur. Out of the five test subjects, the men spent more time and money shopping at Costco. The men, for the most part, were the ones who required assistance with placing their belongings in their vehicles. If this experiment were to be performed again, more test subjects should be used in order to have a basis for proving or disproving the gender theory.

Mayers Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning

Mayers Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning Mayer describes multimedia as modern presentation modes (text, pictures etc.) and different modalities (visual, auditory etc.) that are presented by an integrated technical system such as computer and internet. According to Mayer, multimedia learning refers to learning from words and pictures and multimedia instruction refers to the presentations of words and pictures. We see that Mayer describes the differences between multimedia learning and multimedia instruction. According to his description, multimedia instruction is the learning material which presents words and pictures that are intended to promote learning whereas multimedia learning refers to the learner constructed knowledge that builds mental representations from these words and pictures; that is, multimedia instruction. Mayer (2009) states three views of multimedia messages. Multimedia messages can be based on the delivery media such as amplified speaker and computer screen presentation modes such as words and pictures, or sensory modalities such as auditory and visual. In the first view, it is clearly seen that delivery media is technology centered and focus is on technology rather than learners; that is, the focus is on the devices used to present information rather than on how people learn. The other views are learner centered. These views are consistent with learner centered approach and based on cognitive theory of learning on how people learn. Moreover, these two views are consistent with constructivist learning which is based on actively constructed knowledge rather than passively transmitted and gathered. The only distinction between these views is the sensory modalities view of multimedia is consistent with a cognitive theory of learning that assumes humans have separate information processing channels for auditory and visual processing whereas presentation modes view is consistent with a cognitive theory of learning that assumes humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and pictorial knowledge. In the following figure, Mayer (2009) describes his cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Figure: Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning This cognitive theory of multimedia learning is based on three assumptions (2009): dual channels: there are separate channels for processing visual and auditory experiences and information in humans memory limited capacity: each information channel is limited in its ability to process the amount of information and experiences at one time active processing: processing experience and information in channels is an active process designed to construct coherent mental representations According to this model, the learner must engage in the five cognitive processes or steps in order for meaningful learning to occur in multimedia environment. First, learner selects the relevant words for processing in verbal working memory. Then, learner selects relevant images for processing in visual working memory. After that, learner organizes selected words into a verbal mental model and selected images into a visual mental model. Finally, learner integrates work based and image based representations as well as prior knowledge (Mayer, 2009). Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on Paivios (1986) dual coding theory, Swellers (1988) cognitive load theory, Baddeleys (1992) model of working memory, Mayers (1996) SOI model of meaningful learning and Bruners constructivist theory. The working memory model explains what happens to information after it is perceived by the sense organs and suggests that there are separate slave systems such as phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad for processing visual and verbal information (Baddeley, 1992). Dual coding theory is built on the working memory model and suggests that humans have two separate systems for representing verbal and nonverbal information. This verbal and nonverbal information is processed differently and in separate channels and although these systems are structurally and functionally independent, they are also interconnected (Paivio, 1986). Cognitive load theory points the findings from studies about dual coding theory; for example, information processing system is consist of two independent channels for processing and representing information which are limited in their capacity and suggests that learning happens best under conditions that are aligned with human cognitive architecture. Cognitiv e load theory is concerned with the way cognitive resources are focused and used during learning and problem solving (Sweller, 1988). Although Mayers cognitive theory of multimedia learning draws on many theories, Mayers multimedia theory is specifically based on Paivios dual coding theory which basically assumes that humans have separate information processing channels for verbal and pictorial information for auditory and visual messages. According to Mayers theory, the learner has a visual and verbal information processing system. For example, auditory narration goes into the verbal information processing system whereas animation goes into the visual information processing system. Since dual coding theory is built on the working memory model of Baddeley and working memory includes verbal and visual channels which are phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketch pad for processing visual and verbal information, we can also say that Mayers theory is consistent with Baddeleys one. Mayer also uses Swellers cognitive load theory to understand how humans learn and humans cognitive limitations for processing information. By using cognitive load theory, Mayer suggest that presenting too many elements such as words and pictures in multimedia material can lead to overload to be processed in visual or verbal information processing systems. Mayer also supports the theory of constructivist learning. By considering constructivist learning theory, Mayer suggests that cognitive construction and active learning depends on the cognitive processing of the learner during learning process. For example, learner constructs new knowledge by using active learning methods such as actively and mentally engaged in learning processes although passively sitting in the chair and watching a presentation. Mayers also use his SOI model of meaningful learning while building cognitive theory of multimedia learning. In this model, learners are again knowledge constructors who pay attention to relevant words and pictures in multimedia message in order to produce meaningful learning and organize the information in coherent verbal and pictorial model, and integrate it with prior knowledge. By his theory, first, Mayer has contributed to establishing a cognitive theory of multimedia learning which builds on how people learn. Mayers theory also continues to contribute greatly to establishing theories and principles about learning in multimedia environment. Also, his theory and principles are a great resource for instructional designers to consider the cognitive processes related with learning. Instructional designers need to consider the learners and their memory capacities. They need to design their learning materials to maximize the focus on learning activities and minimize the learners attention to activities which are not directly related to learning. When considering new delivery media technologies such as mobile phones, tablet pcs and smart phones, I think future researches need to be conducted to evaluate the multimedia by using this theory in a real world context or new derivatives of theories need to be developed from Mayers one to adapt it to recent real life co nditions.

Words of Wisdom in the Holy Bible :: essays research papers

C: RELY ON GODS RESOURCES His Sprit I cor 3:16 Don't you know that you yourselves are God's temple and that God's Spirit lives in you? I cor 2:12 We have not received the spirit of the world but the Spirit who is from God, that we may understand what God has freely given us. His Strength Isiah 41:10 So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand. Phil 4:13 I can do everything through him who gives me strength His Faithfulness Lam 3:22-23 Because of the LORD's great love we are not consumed, for his compassions never fail. They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness. Numbers 23:19 God is not a man, that he should lie, nor a son of man, that he should change his mind. Does he speak and then not act? Does he promise and not fulfill? His Peace Isiah 26:3 You will keep in perfect peace him whose mind is steadfast, because he trusts in you I Peter 5:7 Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you. His Provision Romans 8:32 He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all--how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things? Phil 4:19 And my God will meet all your needs according to his glorious riches in Christ Jesus His Help In Temptation Psalm 119:9,11 How can a young man keep his way pure? By living according to your word.I have hidden your word in my heart that I might not sin against you. Heb 2:18 Because he himself suffered when he was tempted, he is able to help those who are being tempted. D: BE CHRISTS DESCIPLE Put Christ First Matt 6:33 But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well. Luke 9:23 Then he said to them all: "If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross daily and follow me. Separate From World I John 2:15-16 Do not love the world or anything in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For everything in the world--the cravings of sinful man, the lust of his eyes and the boasting of what he has and does--comes not from the Father but from the world. Romans 12:2 Do not conform any longer to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.

Gilgamesh Is Gay Essay -- essays research papers

Gilgamesh is an epic that has been passed down for thousands of years. The epic narrates the legendary deeds of the main character Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh is two-thirds immortal and one-third mortal; however, he cannot accept his fate that one day he too will die. The entire epic tells the story of Gilgamesh’s life and searche for immortality. Through his many trials and tribulations, Gilgamesh proves that he has great physical strength. However, throughout the epic Gilgamesh also shows he is emotionally unstable and immature. The author created Gilgamesh with this flaw of immaturity so that he would be a more believable character. The depth of Gilgamesh's physical strength first appears to the reader in the prologue. Gilgamesh is said to be "the man to whom all things are known". The gods created him with great care giving him beauty and courage. "The great gods made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull". Furthermore, h is beauty and power were like that of no other man. The story begins by stating that Gilgamesh is an overbearing king. He never sleeps due to his over indulgence in life. Gilgamesh keeps the city in disruption involving anyone he pleases in his corrupt demands. He sleeps with all the virgins before they are married, therefore, making them impure before their husbands have a chance to sleep with them. If Gilgamesh were a mature king, he would see no reason to show he is the most powerful. He would lead ...

Nick Carraway as Honest Liar in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay

Nick Carraway as Honest Liar in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Everyone suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine: I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known" (Fitzgerald Gatsby 64). So writes Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, characterizing himself in opposition to the great masses of humanity as a perfectly honest man. The honesty that Nick attributes to himself must be a nearly perfect one, by dint of both its rarity and its "cardinal" nature; Nick asserts for himself that he is among the most honest people he has ever encountered. Events in the book, however, do not bear this self-characterization out; far from being among the most honest people in world, Nick Carraway is in fact a proficient liar, though he never loses his blind faith in his own pure honesty.    First, Fitzgerald's choice of the word "suspects" indicates, and almost guarantees, a certain uncertainty about that suspicion; the fact that these are fallible (and often self-deceiving) human beings making observations about themselves make that uncertainty even greater. The fact that "everyone" believes to be one of the "few" holders of a cardinal virtue solidifies the matter; simply put, excepting either an unrealistically optimistic view of human nature or an extremely broad definition of "the cardinal virtues", it is simply impossible to accept that all human beings everywhere exemplify one of the cardinal virtues of humanity. Some people must not have the cardinal virtue they suspect of themselves. Nick, however, seems to forget this fact at the colon and starkly asserts, "I am one of the few honest people I have ever known" (64). The choice of "am" is very important here;... ...themselves. Even when confronted with a disproof of his perfectly honest nature, as Jordan does late in the novel, Nick responds with an appeal to his belief in his own honesty-his myth about himself is that sacred. Much like Gatsby's self-image, Nick's belief in his own honesty seems to spring from the Platonic conception of honesty, and, much like Gatsby, he simply ignores or rationalizes away anything that comes into conflict with his belief. Nick Carraway is far from one of the few honest narrators I have ever read, but he is a testament to the powers of self-deception that exist in both fictional and non-fictional human beings. "Everyone suspects himself of one of the cardinal virtues," Nick says, and as Nick himself demonstrates, nearly everyone is wrong. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Scribner Paperback Fiction: New York, 1991.

Field study Essay

Episode 7 MY E-WORLD Name of Site Author: Larry Page & Sergey Brin, Ph.D Name of Site: GOOGLE Posting or Revision Date: March 1997 Organization Represented: GOOGLE.ORG Date of Access: September 16, 2011 URL: http://www.acronymfinder.com/Music,-Arts,-Physical,-Education-and-Health-(MAPEH).html Brief Description of the Materials in the Website: This website tells about our course MAPEH (Music, Arts, Physical Education, & Health). Therefore this site helps us to make the different acitivities or episodes in this particular subject which is FS 3. Evaluation of the Website : Strength Weakness Updated by informationtakes time for you to find a specific task because to broad Lots of informationno interaction between the researcher & the site Very large informationdoesn’t gives direct information MY E-WORLD Name of Site Author: Jimmy Wales & Larry Sanger Name of Site: WIKIPEDIA Posting or Revision Date: 15 January 2001 Organization Represented: Wikipedia.com Date of Access: September 16, 2011 URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports Brief Description of the Materials in the Website: This website tells about the different sports: their history, rules , regulations, equipment, penalties & etc. Helps students to know the  different sports and the information about each sport. Evaluation of the Website : Strength Weakness Updated by informationtakes time for you to find a specific task because to broad Lots of informationno interaction between the researcher & the site Very large informationdoesn’t gives direct information Reflection Charlene Atig I learned a lot of things in this subject. I am lucky to have the opportunity to observe a school because through this, I learn how to adjust student’s attitude and behavior to handle a particular class. Thus, I learn how to motivate each of the students according to their IQ capacity and how to respect each religion, culture and beliefs. As a teacher someday, we should be fair enough to our students because I know how important is the role of a teacher to an individual as well as their education. Indeed, I learn a lot in FS3 subject. Ellvine Pia Bonocan In this FS3 Subject, I learned a lot of things regarding our field which is MAPEH and how to apply it in the future. Through having an observation, I am now become more and more exposed in my profession as a teacher. I am very thankful because without this, I wouldn’t be able to explore and discover the life of being a teacher. Also, I learned different strategies in teaching and how to make the classroom become lively rather than to be bored. Through this exposure, I developed the skills in teaching and how to handle or manage a class. This Field study helped me a lot to know more about teaching and to awaken me up that teaching is not an easy profession but we are the one who are molding the path of the students to become more equipped and be a better citizen in our country. My group mates and I enjoyed so much in observing a class in a particular school and making and answering the different type of episodes. Those were a very great and helpful tool and experienced for me. Annie Rose Calumpang In this subject Field study give the students a chance to see the world (its cultures, diversity and realities) for themselves. As we work as a group, we shared what we are experiencing with the others. It reinforces previous classroom lessons and brings a higher level of â€Å"realism† and â€Å"believing†. In this subject we learn to live and work with others, supporting each other during group learning activities and also Interactions from which we can discover your strengths, limitations, abilities and skills. This subject has enjoyable learning experiences. And time to appreciate the beauty of the world in which we are involved. Through this subject, I can discover different devices, tools, equipment, activities and instructional materials that can support and facilitate student’s achievements in the learning process. In this subject I learned a lot of things because I will be exposed to an exciting experiences by discovering different instructional materials and learn about their nature and used in the classroom but also for the learning about the physical qualities of such materials. I can be exposed to different types of students but I learned how to adjusts and motivate them. As a whole, it is important that the learning environment is conducive to the learning of the students because it can encouraged them to de active during classroom activities .Also when the learning environment is conducive students feel that they are respected and accepted. Roxanne Dela Cruz Field study for me is an actual learning in which training teachers can reflect, asses, observe, describe, the fundamentals in the field of teaching. It is an important tool to be familiarize about the use of the materials and would use it with creativity and techniques that can achieve the interest of the students.

The basque conflict

THE BASQUE CONFLICTUndertaking FrameworkThe Basque struggle, rendered more acute by the constitution of a terrorist administration in the 2nd half of the twentieth century, illustrates the modern-day hinderances of an invigorated Europe, concerned with theories of integrating and societal consensus. This undertaking intends to consist a descriptive and theoretical attack, instead than a quantitative analysis based on the materialization of the struggle by the violent incursions of the nationalist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ( ETA ) . On the one manus, the first portion compares and contrasts the sui generis Spanish state-building procedure to the thriving & A ; lsquo ; imagined community ‘ of Sabino Arana, raised through the patriotism of the nineteenth century, and articulated in relevant facts and figures. On the other manus, the 2nd portion brings the struggle to a modern province of personal businesss, i.e. a scenario of diverse efforts to decrease force and extremism. It considers micro and macro positions and reactions of exogenic histrions to this aggiornamento, and despite the diverse readings of ethnicity, the paper considers the present context of globalization, in which individualities are no longer guaranteed through provinces and boundary lines.IntroductionThe failings in the procedure of Spanish state-building – to which Basque patriotism is inextricably linked – constitute an simple foundation to understand the rules of ETA ( 1959 ) , as a terrorist administration, and the natur e of the nationalist individualities involved in the struggle. In conformity with Linz: & A ; lsquo ; Spain [ & A ; hellip ; ] is a instance of early state-building, where the political, societal and cultural integrating of its territorial constituents was non to the full accomplished ‘ ( 1973: 33 ) , and as a consequence, its development differs from other European instance surveies in important ways, chiefly due to its dramatic prostration as a colonial power ( Mees 2003 ) . Throughout clip, Spain was downplayed from being the most dominant European colonial power to a insolvent, weakened province with & A ; lsquo ; internal jobs of legitimacy, individuality, incursion and engagement ‘ ( Mees 2003: 6 ) . Within this unstable context, the fusion of the disparate districts in Spain resulted in a state missing the instruments of integrating and coherence. Therefore, Spanish patriotism in the nineteenth century remained weak and ne'er became a motion ( Seixas 1993 ) .The Post-Colonial State-BuildingThis procedure involved no common external enemy or national symbols that would advance the thought of an & A ; lsquo ; imagined community ‘ ( Anderson 1999 ) : it was non the aggressive nature of Spanish patriotism that fuelled the & A ; lsquo ; lastingness of regional and local particularisms ‘ , but its failing ( Mees 2003: 7 ) . The Spanish were ne'er to the full submitted to the thought of state, and remained loyal to their local parts, such as the Basque Provinces, consisting a peculiar and differential civilization, i.e. an cultural community that would subsequently go mobilised as a political state ( Smith 1986 ) . In historical footings, the appropriation of Navarre in the sixteenth century represents the constitution of modern Spain and the domination of Castile over uninfringeable civilizations. Furthermore, the Crown recognised the importance of gestating particular rights to certain parts that became exempt from naming soldiers to the cardinal forces, and were granted a system of Torahs and patterns called fueros – that represented a major right of the Basque population, as they conferred ( since its codification in the seventeenth century ) conditions for decision-making in most political and economic personal businesss, with no intercession from the cardinal authorities ( Osma 1996: 34 ) . However, the development of the Carlist political orientation ( in the nineteenth century ) , desecrated the firm dealingss with Castile ( Flynn 2000: 100 ) , and following its triumph in the 3rd war ( 1872-1876 ) , the Broad Government declared the abolishment of privileges to the Basque Country, inciting a strong opposition. Hence, the struggle in the Basque Country can be interpreted as a reaction to the abolishment of rights and grants granted throughout history, and harmonizing to the patriots: the indignant reaction to the withdrawing of the fueros represented a & A ; lsquo ; national waking up ‘ among the Basque people ( Mees 2003 ) . Early on Basque nationalist feeling in the nineteenth century created an hostile political and societal attitude towards the cardinal authorities, with a developing anti-Spanish and breakaway civilization ( Mees 2003: 8 ) . Furthermore, urban industrialization and the inflow of Spanish-speaking laborers were seen to present a menace to Basque civilization, which is highly conservative and based about purely Catholic values, promoting a nationalist feeling ( Woodworth 2001:3 ) . As Basque industrialization occurred chiefly in Biscay, with & A ; lsquo ; production of steel, modern shipyards and excavation ‘ ( Conversi 1997: 48 ) , these activities increased the demand for unskilled labor and society decomposition. As an illustration of this phenomenon, the population in Bilbao increased from 35,505 dwellers in 1877 to 83,306 in 1900 ( Atienza 1979: 73 ) – out of the 80 % of immigrants, 50 % were non Basques ( Atienza 1979: 74 ) .The Establishment of an & A ; lsquo ; Imagin ed Community ‘The nationalist political orientation expanded by Sabino Arana, laminitis of the Partido Nacionalista Vasco ( PNV ) in 1895 ( Mees 2003: 5 ) , followed his perceptual experience of industrialization – and the attendant in-migration to the part – as a menace to Basque civilization. Arana published his book For the Independence of Biscay ( 1892 ) and assisted the formation of the first Batzoki – subsequently the Bizkai Buru Batzar – i.e. an ideological group that worked as a precursor of the PNV ( Elorza 1978: 113 ) . However, after the intercession of Spanish Authorities, Arana was arrested and the party rose as an organized construction, adhering to its pronunciamento ( PNV Manifesto 1906: Volume II ) . Returned to Biscay, after a class of Law in Barcelona – where he was impressed by the Catalan Language and the development of Catalonia after the Renaixen & A ; ccedil ; a- Arana ( a cardinal participant of patriotism in the nineteenth century ) was motivated to analyze Euskerab and contribute to the Basque civilization ( Conversi 1997: 74 ) . He took the position that merely absolute independency from the Spanish province would procure lasting felicity and freedom for the Basque people as civilization, history and race needed to be reaffirmed in order to work out the frozen jobs. As a effect, anything Spanish ( or non-Basque ) would hold to be expelled ( Mees 2003: 803 ) , as following the nationalist feeling, the lone manner to win would be through the creative activity of a & A ; lsquo ; nationalist history with deep fabulous deductions, every bit good as nationalist symbols and purification of the Basque linguistic communication ‘ ( Payne 1971: 23 ) . Therefore, in a primary effort to happen the nationalist political orientation, Arana created symbols that included: the name, Euskadi ; the anthem, Gora Ta Gora ; and the flag Ikurri & A ; ntilde ; a, adopted by the PNV in 1933. Unlike Spanish fusion, Arana succeeded in making an & A ; lsquo ; imagined community ‘ , with history, traditions and civilization unique to the Basque part ( Anderson 1999 ) .Violent Incursions and Peace AttemptsSince the early 1990s, the resistance within Basque society to the continuance of the struggle has been steadily increasing: groups of citizens became efficaciously mobilised in an attempt to distribute their pacificist positions throughout the Basque community and construct a new anti-violence consensus ( Funes 1998: 493 ) . Beyond Basque society, they aim at act uponing political leaders, Spanish and Basque authoritiess and at decreasing the power of ETA. As they believe that the people of the Basque Provinces has a duty for the being and th e continuity of force, they intend to go a vehicle for peace. These pacificist groups have increased the conditions – both socially and politically – for declaration, though ETA retains the support of a & A ; lsquo ; qualitatively important sector of Basque society ‘ ( Funes 1998 ) . On a micro position of external intercession, Gesto por la Paz is composed of 160 subgroups throughout the Basque state and Navarre and organises street presentations that on a regular basis attract 15-20,000 followings ; and Elkarri, with up to 107 subgroups, was founded by members of the patriot left, close to ETA and aims to act upon those who would fall in the terrorist administration or transport out violent onslaughts. The latter attempts to spread out duologue on both sides through conferences, addresss and publications, as both groups look at the Basque people for support in denouncing force and cut downing breakaway extremist motions ( Funes 1998 ) . While groups such as these have done much over the old ages to make conditions for peace, every bit long as there is a minority who sees force as the lone solution, grass-root degree protests have merely a limited impact. There is grounds that Basque society is less and less inclined towards back uping the force of ETA, giving room for optimism, but peace will merely come when the leading of the group comes to see diplomatic negotiations as the manner frontward. There are three of import minutes in the history of ETA as a terrorist group, which halted its activities and brought together the two sides of the struggle. The first minute follows the most intense onslaught against civilians in 1987, when the political parties decided to come in into negotiations with one another, actuating ETA and the authorities to discourse the jobs of the Basque Country, such as: the Pact of Madrid ( 1987 ) , the Pact of Ajuria Enea ( 1988 ) , the Pact of Ardanza ( 1988 ) , and the Pact of Navarra ( 1988 ) . In add-on, the Plan Ardanza ( 1998 ) , created by the President of the Spanish Government, Jos & A ; eacute ; Antonio Ardanza Garro, in an effort to work out the state of affairs in the Basque Country, led to a proposal by the PNV and ETA to prosecute a general understanding, in which the parties were committed to convey together the six districts of the Basque Country whereas ETA would declare ceasefire. Second, and sing the incapacity of the Partido Popular ( PP ) and the Partido Socialista Obrero Espa & A ; ntilde ; ol ( PSOE ) in deciding the Basque struggle, parties and ideological administrations signed a treaty in Estella, Navarre ( 1998 ) , harmonizing to which they would analyze the acceptance of the same political declarations applied to the Northern Ireland instance. The elections in the Autonomous Basque Community declared triumph of the PNV, and there were many understandings between this party and the PP Government until the secret meeting of 1999 between the two parties, which represented strong contact between ETA and the cardinal authorities. However, for PP, this was a manner to understand whether the terrorist group would be favorable to a definite ceasefire. Therefore, the meeting proved unfruitful and the terrorist onslaughts restarted. ETA declared the terminal of ceasefire in 1999 and following this, the PNV accused the terrorist administration of representing a bad influence on Basque patriotism. On the other manus, ETA published the dialogues with the PNV and confessed the false ceasefire of 1998. The Euskal Herritarrok was favoured by the PNV but decided to abandon the Basque Parliament, go forthing the latter in a political minority. Finally, the 3rd of import arrest in force was the proclamation of a lasting ceasefire from the 24th March 2006 onwards, in order to transport on the dialogues with the cardinal authorities of Jos & A ; eacute ; Luis Zapatero ( PSOE ) , who informed the media on the 29th June 2006 that the conditions for an institutional duologue had been met.Chemical reactions of Exogenous ActorsIn footings of international cooperation by external histrions, the reaction of France to this struggle has been simple, as although in the yesteryear, the Basque leading has chosen to run from that state – due to fewer constabulary pressure- since the 1990 ‘s, it has made an attempt to grok the ETA leading ( Telegraph 2nd March 2002 ) . About all high-level members of the administration have been seized in France, including the suspected leader, Jurden Martitegi, arrested in April of this twelvemonth. However, the significance of the Catholic religion in Basque nationalist look led to another cardinal reaction, as it preceded the intercession of Pope John XXIII, in the Encyclical Letter Pacem in Terris ( 1963 ) . In conformity with this papers, minority groups became widespread throughout the universe but due to some solid grounds in the international province of personal businesss, & A ; lsquo ; [ †¦ ] minority peoples are frequently obliged to populate within the districts of a state of a different cultural beginning ‘ ( Pope John XXIII 1963 & A ; religious order ; 94 ) . Consequently: This state of affairs gives rise to serious jobs [ and ] so, the best involvements of justness are served by those public governments who do all they can to better the human conditions of the members of these minority groups, particularly in what concerns their linguistic communication, civilization, ancient traditions, and their economic activity and endeavor ( Pope John XXIII 1963 & A ; religious order ; 96 ) . This engagement – complemented by the reference of Pope John Paul II to the United Nations ( 1995 ) , where it is stated that the phenomenon of ethnicity & A ; lsquo ; must non be underestimated or regarded as a simple left-over of the past ‘ but conversely & A ; lsquo ; [ †¦ ] demands serious reading, and a closer scrutiny on the degrees of anthropology, moralss and jurisprudence ( John Paul II 1995 & A ; religious order ; 7 ) – entreaties to the sense of regard of established states and constitutes an illustration of international intercessions that protect the involvements of cultural minorities. Although many writers portion these same positions, apostolic intercessions were peculiarly relevant in the spiritual position quo of that part. Furthermore, every bit far as EU declarations are concerned, and sing the terrorist onslaught of 11th March 2004, the European Council carried out a & A ; lsquo ; Declaration on Combating Terrorism ‘ ( 2004 ) mentioning to the commissariats of the Charter of the United Nations ( Security Council 1373 of 2001 ) , which states that allowing support to the victims is paramount in the battle against terrorist act. In this model, the EU revised its strategic rules, which included: beef uping a response against terrorist act and its effects ; keeping the entree of terrorists to economic resources ; and maximizing the capacity within the EU organic structures to look into and prosecute terrorists. Furthermore, all Member States would be obliged to move in solidarity in the instance of a terrorist onslaught, call uping all their resources. This step complements the List of Terrorist Organisations – that includes ideological groups of ETA – created by the European Council in 2003. Similarly, the United States of America, following a recommendation to better international coaction by the President of the Spanish Government, Jos & A ; eacute ; Mar & A ; iacute ; a Aznar, included this administration in their list of terrorist menaces.DecisionAs an illustration of an cultural struggle, the saving of patriotism and racial individuality in the Basque Country has been guaranteed through force – in the name of its tradition, history and national symbols – by those who perceive ancient heritage as an entitlement to self-government, and see their ethnicity as racially different from the remainder of Spain. Violent incursions were justified on these evidences. In conformity with old considerations, Sabino Arana realised that in order to salvage Basque cultural individuality ( including moral and spiritual values ) , patriotism would necessitate an exclusivist individuality. Therefore, one of the nucleus rules of Basque patriotism became & A ; lsquo ; integrity of race ‘ , maintained through extinguishing Spanish influence and migration ( Payne 1971:36-37 ) . In the Catalan and Galician Nationalist motions, rank can be gained through larning the linguistic communication and assimilative civilization. However, those wishing to fall in the PNV had to turn out that their first four family names ( subsequently merely one ) were & A ; lsquo ; etymologically ‘ Basque. Therefore, in pattern, Basque national individuality can non be acquired through acquisition of the linguistic communication or practicing of Basque traditions. There is no possibility of non-natives fall ining and as such, it is a really exclusivist motion ( Mees 2003: 12 ) . The Basque patriots encouraged a sense of a alone Basque racial pureness, different from the one of the maketos ( Conversi 1997: 60 ) , there is disapprobation of matrimony between Basques and non-Basques due to the proliferation of Spanish values instead than Basque values ( Flynn 2000: 154 ) and the belief that & amp ; lsquo ; compared to the Basques, the Spanish did non even represent a race of their ain, being a mix of many peoples ‘ ( Flynn 2000: 154 ) . There is non merely a strong racial component, but besides a strong spiritual one, with Basque patriots believing that there should be absolute subordination of the political domain to the spiritual one and of the province to the church ( Payne 1971: 38 ) . This racial stance has deductions for immigrants wishing to come and work in the Basque part. Radicalisation has happened at times of mass in-migration by non-Basques into the country, making an anti-migrant civilization within the community and a hatred for any thing non-Basque. Race and faith are the nucleus values of Basque Nationalism, non civilization, giving it an highly sole individuality.

Motivation Essay

Motivation and the Brain – The Desire to Exercise and Be Physically Fit Motivation and the Brain – The Desire to Exercise and Be Physically Fit The motivation that drives people to engage in physical activities like exercise can be analyzed as a result of many contributing factors. Theories exist regarding whether desire can be attributed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors. The brain structures and functions responsible for this type of motivation are complex and unique. Each individual will have his or her own reasons, but ultimately, some key factors can be noted. The role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators The motivational factors that drive people to engage in physical activities like working out at a fitness club, or running, appear to be mostly intrinsic. Heredity does not seem to be a prominent motivator; however, one’s environment will indeed have some effect. Children raised by athletes will obviously more inclined and motivated to participate in physical activities as an athlete would likely push his or her son or daughter to be athletic like them. Another increasingly popular source of motivation to work out is the desire to maintain good health, including keeping a healthy body weight. Another possible motivation is the desire one may have to prove to their own selves, the extent of their capacity. The term â€Å"self-efficacy† can be summarized with an individual asking himself or herself the following two questions: â€Å"Am I capable of doing this activity? † and â€Å"Will I be successful in achieving my goals if I engage in this behavior? † The internal question specific to this article would be â€Å"Am I capable of successfully participating in an ongoing diet and exercise program? Self-efficacy can also be described as situation-specific self-confidence (Grogan, Connor, & Smithson,  2006). Another possible explanation for the motivation to diet and exercise is the Protection Motivation Theory, which suggests that people are motivated to protect themselves from harmful or stressful life events ( Deci, 2004). In other words, an individual who maintains his or herself at peak physical condition can develop a sense that he or she is prepared for any disease or threat that may cross his or her path. Some may become paranoid and overly cautious in considering every possible harm that could fall upon them; this fear is drives them in the relentless pursuit of physical health. Perhaps the most gratifying benefit of exercising is the change it will bring to one’s physique. The tone and definition, weight loss and strength are obvious and can be noticed fairly quickly and easily. Along with these changes come the encouragement and positive feedback from one’s peers; this is a huge motivator. Research shows that Acknowledgment, Positive Feedback and Encouragement for self-initiation tend to increase intrinsic motivation (Deci, 2004). It does seem the motivation for maintaining physical health is largely intrinsic, previous family medical history, such as inherent life-threatening diabetes could be considered an extrinsic motivator. Pressure placed on individuals by family members and medical professionals regarding the risks of an unhealthy diet and lethargic behavior can be significant motivating factors that would drive one to take action to improve their health. Both intrinsic motivation and integrated extrinsic motivation are facilitated in situations that are interpersonally supportive, that is, here parents, teachers, managers, health care providers, and coaches understand and acknowledge the perspectives of their children, students, employees, patients, and athletes, respectively, and encourage them to experiment, allow them to try their own solutions to problems, provide them with choices, and respond to their initiations (Deci, 2004). Brain Structures and functions associated with the motivation to work out An important thing to note the brain structures and functions associated with this type of motivation. The feeling a person experiences in the aftermath of a long training session can be extremely euphoric. One hypothesis revolves around a set of opioid neurotransmitters of which endorphins are a special case. The term endorphin refers to internal morphine. Endorphins are primarily located in the pain pathways and are responsible for reducing the negative effects of pain stimuli and stressors (Deckers, 2010). Another argument that could be made would be that the gender aspect related to the concern about weight and appearance. It has been suggested that gay men and heterosexual women are under significantly more acute social pressure to attain the culturally valued slender body type (Grogan, Connor, & Smithson,  2006).

Olympic Village Project Management Essay

On July 6 2005, the International Olympic Committee announced the designation of London as the host of the 2012 Olympic Games. 8 days later, the Olympic Bill was introduced to the Parliament, allowing the launch of lottery scratch cards in order to fund the Games. In the preparation of the reception of the Games, the city of London started a big renovation plan that came with the construction of several infrastructures. Among them was the Olympic Village. Before Execution Presentation The Olympic Village had the most spacious accommodation in the history of the Games, with ample room to house the 16,000 athletes and NOC team officials in 17,320 beds, and with the capacity to add more if required. The Olympic Village was conveniently located in the midst of most sports venues. The great majority of competitors (80% of Olympic athletes and over 95% of Paralympic athletes) will be within 20 minutes of their venues. Though unified in design, the Olympic Village had distinct residential and international zones in strict accord with IOC Olympic Village guidelines. The international zone, located north of Stratford International station, comprises athletes’ entertainment and leisure facilities, the visitors’ welcome centre, the media sub-centre, meeting rooms and conference facilities and areas for the Welcome Ceremonies and flag displays. The residential zone contains the apartments, the main dining facility and the polyclinic. Adjacent buildings houses various services including athlete accreditation, sports information, the NOC centre, the Olympic Village operations and service area (VOSA), the athletes’ disco and the Chef de Mission meeting hall. The transport mall was split into two main areas. One served the Olympic Park and the other provided transit to other London competition venues. As the Games progressed, bus services operated from here to London’s key tourist venues. Transport within the Olympic Village itself was provided by a zero-emission continuous bus shuttle to connect apartment blocks with all the main facilities, including the transport mall and dining facilities. This service ran on a continuous 24-hour basis, although on a reduced basis during the early hours of the morning (01.00hrs to 05.00hrs). The Olympic Village’s main entrance is at the southern end of the complex, close to Stratford International station and the main vehicle pickup/drop off facility. Secure car parking for accredited guests and visiting officials will be nearby. Schedule Given the size and the nature of the project, the LOCOG (London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games) and the ODA (Olympic Delivery Authority) did not wait for the IOC decision to begin the project of the construction of an Olympic Village. As we can see on the table below, the organizations started, since 2003, the groundwork for the athletes’ accommodation. By the time the IOC gave its verdict, the location was chosen and the designing details were already on their way. As the soon as the decision was made public, the tendering for the main contractor began. Shortly after, the construction on-site started with the demolition phase. The construction of the Village was completed in early 2012 for a total duration on-site of almost 6 years. Location The area chosen as the construction site was located in east London, seven minutes from all of the attractions of the city centre and in the heart of the Olympic Park. This location is part of the development project of Stratford City. Stratford City will bring almost 5 000 homes and 30 000 jobs to Stratford and has been given outline planning consent. The project, once completed, will be one of the largest mixed use developments in the UK for many years. It is the brainchild of development partners Chelsfield plc, Stanhope plc and London and Continental Railways. The plans include 465,000 square meters of offices, 4,850 new homes for approximately 11,000 people, 150,500 square meters of retail space and up to 2,000 hotel bedrooms. Work began in 2006 and is expected to take 20 years to complete. Environmental In early 2003, the governmental organizations carried a full environmental impact assessment as part of the Olympic masterplan planning applications. This environmental assessment considered existing site conditions, potential impacts of Olympic developments on the site and its surroundings, as well as opportunities for environmental management, awareness-raising and cultural activities. The studies and mitigation proposals have formed the basis for a detailed environmental brief for the Olympic Village. It includes: †¢ Application of the highest recognized UK standards for sustainable construction to meet carbon emission and waste minimization targets †¢ Climate-proofing to take account of predicted climate changes in the decades ahead †¢ An integrated approach to resource management and infrastructure development for energy, water and waste †¢ Emphasis on access, mobility and community services infrastructure to reduce car dependency and promote healthier lifestyles †¢ High soundscape quality and a legacy of exemplary noise management practices with supportive soundscapes for people with visual and hearing impairments †¢ Incorporation of green space and biodiversity into the design to provide ecological, water management, air quality and visual amenity benefits. Paralympic considerations Because the Village also welcomed the athletes participating in the Paralympic Games, the service providers were asked to make necessary adjustments to the physical features of their premises to allow equal access for all in accordance with the UK’s Building Regulations. The LOCOG will ensure that the Paralympic Village will meet any new standards agreed with the IPC, such as single room accommodation for every athlete with a severe disability (such as those who use an electric wheelchair for daily living). Every apartment will benefit from spacious bathrooms and shower rooms. Because the Paralympic Village will be specifically designed to be accessible, the IPC and the NPCs will – for the first time – be able to indicate in advance where any special aids and facilities should be located. Costs planning The construction costs were planned to reach $ 1 101 million for a 5 years project (from June 2007 to May 2012). As we can see on the table below, almost the total of that sum has been used for the main construction work of the site. The LOCOG financed the temporary works for an amount of  £ 61 million. Those temporary workers, employed in early 2012, were given the task to tune up the Village (equipping it with furnitures). The financing of the permanent workers for an amount of more than a billion pounds will be discussed in the next point.

War on Terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War on Terror - Essay Example One of the most negative instances of the "War on Terror" occurred at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, as the reader finds out in John Barry, Mark Hosenball and Babak Dehghanpisheh's "Abu Ghraib and Beyond;" many detainees, suspected terrorists, and Taliban fighters, were tortured by U.S. soldiers in an effort to extract information. The instances of torture were photographed and eventually made their way to the press and widespread viewing around the world. In the ensuing session of finger-pointing as to who was responsible, the soldiers who committed the acts claimed to have been told to do so by their superiors; their commanders denied having instructed them to humiliate the prisoners and torture them. The end result was that the soldiers were punished, Donald Rumsfeld's credibility was decimated, and the Islamic world became enraged at the American treatment of the prisoners. The names of the worst "interrogators" are given in the article, for they often stripped and tortured the inmates, rather than simply interrogating them. It is commendable that the article is not written in a way that condemns Lynndie England (one of the stars of the illicit torture photographs), but it points the blame higher to military officials, with being overt in doing so. Given the timing of the article (soon after the torture incidents, in the spring of 2004), the authors of the article show quite a bit of restraint in reporting the events at Abu Ghraib. Unlike most of today's reporting, the article is written in a matter of fact manner, without a lot of the leftist rhetoric found in today's reporting of the war (or anything having to do with George W. Bush). Additionally, it should be noted that in 2004, it was considered un-American to take the U.S. military to task on their behavior in the Middle East. This article shows a great deal of bravery by the authors, for the res ponse to the piece could have been quite negative.

ArticleAbstract Assignments 05 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ArticleAbstract Assignments 05 - Essay Example His research question is: How does football regulation by NACC constitute a cartel and hinder intercollegiate competition? The study used both empirical and theoretical methods. The author used data collected from published articles and books. He also used raw data from NACC Football Guide and other sport regulatory bodies. The article makes reference to several books and scholarly articles containing analyzed data. Researcher also made use of raw data collected from the field; especially score sheets on football progress from colleges. Literature on Cartel Enforcement and Competitive Balance are majorly theoretical. Empirical data were obtained from interviews and observations. For example, the author acknowledges valuable comments from seminar participants and referees from CU-Denver and WEA meetings. The article concludes in favor of the research hypothesis. Indeed NACC constitutes an economic cartel that bars fair competition in football. The researcher successfully uses data collected over a period of half a century to put across this point (Woodrow, 369). By elaborately analyzing the structure and functioning of NACC, the author effectively gives a hint to where concerned authorities should streamline to reinstate fairness in college football. However, the report gives too much weight on mathematical implications of its findings without lucid explanations. This implies that the report may not be of help to many who need to refer from it. Only those with technical knowhow on its exaggerated mathematical analysis make sense of the

Why i take international business strategy for my undergraduate Essay

Why i take international business strategy for my undergraduate course, any relevant experience, skills and attributes and my long term goal - Essay Example The core purpose of taking this course is to equip myself with the required knowledge and skills of international business. The two important skills are management of diverse workforce (Barak, 2011) and adaptation of business with international laws and the regulations of respective country in which businesses are going to be operated. The knowledge about cross cultural issues is also important. My long term goal is to attain a professionally sound career in an international organisation having prestige in its target market. In order to prove myself capable of such organisation, I need to groom myself accordingly. I should have information about the policies of international organisations and their working styles. I should have an updated knowledge bank about the international trade laws, labour laws and integration practices. I should also have strong communication and interpersonal skills to survive effectively in the diverse challenging environment (Schermerhorn,

Quality of Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality of Health Care - Essay Example The paper outlines the obstacles to quality health care and ways of overcoming the obstacles. Quality health care refers to the services that ensure that healthy people continue to remain healthy, curing entirely acute diseases, and those suffering from chronic diseases live a long fruitful life. Quality care has to ensure that the three kinds of people receive adequate and prompt care. This process faces challenges that prevent it from achieving its maximum potential. One of the challenges is poor access to these services (McLaughlin, 2006). Access to quality care refers to the ability of individuals to access medical services when they need it. It entails two different but related components, that is, availability of facilities that provide health care around where people live and the aptitude of people paying up for the services. Inability to pay is a financial barrier to healthcare. Medical care is expensive to many individuals in the country. It is for this reason that the government came up with medical insurance to subsidizes this fee. It works in a manner that ensures that most of those under employment are insured. This insurance extends to their family members, as well. However, fractions of people in the country are under employment (Elizabeth & Maulik, 2008). The unemployed and self-employed do not have access to insurance. They pay the entire bill themselves, which is rather expensive. In addition to this, these people do not qualify to be under public programs including Medicaid and Medicare since they are unemployed. Medicaid and Medicare help in subsidizing the cost of health care services to be incurred by its members. An alternative is to purchase the individual private coverage, which goes for a rather high premium. The number of people without health insurance continues to rise steadily due to many factors. A major factor is the rise

Car Wash Full Service in Kapolei Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Car Wash Full Service in Kapolei - Essay Example Advantages C corporations have low risks since the government is responsible for its audits and tax returns The owners (shareholders) have limited liabilities to the business debts C Corporation benefits from writing-off of debts and business expenses C corporations are able to raise high capitals through sale of shares to different investors The majority shareholders or business owners benefit from a variety of stocks sold by the corporation Disadvantages Slow decision making since all shareholders must be consulted when making a major business decision through the annual general meeting Business owners are not directly involved in running the business Not easy to start since, the corporation needs to comply with strict legal requirements from the government S Corporation S corporation is considered a regular corporation with less than 100 business owners (shareholders). The corporation passes its net income and losses to the shareholders as stipulated under the Internal Revenue Cod e, Chapter 1 (Ogus, 1994). Advantages Shareholders have limited liabilities to the company’s debts. Thus, shareholder’s assets cannot be sold to pay the corporation’s debts in case of bankruptcy. S corporations are exempted from paying federal taxes since losses and profits are passed through shareholders tax reports Shareholders can become employees of the corporation and earn tax-free salaries The credibility associated with the business makes it possible for the business to attract high calibre employees and customers Disadvantages Formation is expensive and time consuming due to the legal and taxation formalities that the business is expected to comply with before been... It is stated in the essay that when starting a new business, it is necessary to make objective decisions concerning the structure of the proposed business. Most business owners consider the significance of financial decision over other factors that affect the business. Although credible financial decision determines the sustainability of the business, a business owner need to consider other factors that would affect the business in the long-term. The form of business ownership, that was a main focus of the essay and is a significant decision that investors ought to make before settling into their business. Sole proprietorship, partnership, C Corporation and S corporation are the basic forms of business ownership. After considering the different forms of business ownership, the researcher settled for a partnership as the most appropriate form of bushiness. The choice for partnership was determined by the pros and cons of other forms of business ownership and available finances. The re searcher also made his choice based on cost benefit analysis of running the business as a corporation or a sole proprietorship. Forming a partnership eliminated the aspect of competition that would arise if each partner decided to set his own business. This factor would give the team an opportunity to concentrate on their services and customers. The team eventually ruled out both the S and C corporations due to the rigorous legal requirements and large starting capital required for the business analyzed.

Reflection Paper on The History & Philososphy of Education Term

Reflection on The History & Philososphy of Education - Term Paper Example Spreading the awareness of a specific subject matter, in an explicit style is understood as education. Thus the philosophy of education can be either the process of educating others or the wide fields of education and its understanding. The inborn curiosity provoked the earliest man to seek and learn more; of what is around and how to bring betterment and produce comfort from it. This includes the major aim of producing well rounded people and to inculcate the love of learning. The process of learning and teaching is discussed and described by many philosophers. However, all of them hold their view point according to the cultures and times they lived in but some, few elaborated the education purpose and laid the foundation for upcoming generations to understand and explore the horizons of it. Philosophy of Education: Through history one can see that, how the great philosophers of all times learned from one another and left the theories for the upcoming youth to explore and gain. Socr ates, Plato and Aristotle; three pioneers of philosophy of education explained their philosophies, which helped others to understand the aim of learning. Socrates taught Plato and is known for his explicit work on ethics and methods. From there onwards Plato followed the footsteps of his teacher and laid the foundation stone of doctrine for education, and called it Academy. Elaboration: Plato advocated the idea of integrity, not only for the state but for the individuals who are learners. The learners are dependent upon teachers who are fairly in a position to deliver the right kind of knowledge in an appropriate manner. Through his theory, one can understand better the significance of the responsibility on a teacher’s shoulder for educating. He also described the various types of learner and their learning styles and how their learning can be supported, like scaffolding; to enhance the capability of each individual. The core of his ideology was to handle an individual in suc h a manner that the support (scaffolding) is there, but he acquires the skill of learning himself; that he stated can only be achieved in certain environment and through following the knowledgeable. The reasons behind law and rules cannot be understood by all; therefore he promoted the idea of children to learn specific skills under the supervision of knowledgeable personalities. They are the people, who can nourish the positive aspects of a subject, as any subject of knowledge contains; the negative factor which pessimistically impacts the personality of a child; leaving him as a destructive member of the society rather than constructive. Plato strongly believed that arts and literature did not help the learning process; on the other hand they are acting like slow poison, addicting the victims and throwing them in a state of unreality. The general idea is that young children are unable to distinguish between reality and fiction. Thus telling them false stories which are far from re ality; is a disorder one develops readily which later on encourages doubts and imbalanced thinking. He was against poetry, music because they produced uncontrollable passion which later becomes a cause of many ethical issues. Moreover, it doesn’t provide with any knowledge and has no practical meaning to it. His theories revolved around the moral values and thus sustaining and inculcating them in the offspring too. He discouraged the concept of myths and stories to young children, as they are far from real

Validity and Reliability of the Myers Briggs Test Term Paper

Validity and Reliability of the Myers Briggs Test - Term Paper Example The history of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator holds accountable Carl Jung and his personality theory as the primary basis and the chief influence of Katharine C. Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers in the development of the MBTI, a project that lasted for two decades and a half (Bayne, 1997; Morgan & Morgan, 2007; Quenk, 2009).   Jung published his book â€Å"Psychological Types† in the early 1920’s which was later on translated in English and published in America.   Briggs at that time was also developing her own theory of personality types which she later on abandoned upon discovery of Jung’s theory which resembled her ideas but had better structure and form.   It then started the long journey of Briggs and Myers that concluded with the creation of the MBTI.   Guided by Jung’s theory, their observations of individuals led them to the conclusion that â€Å"typology could provide a useful way of describing healthy personality differences and importantly, that such assessment could be put to practical use in people’s lives† (Morgan & Morgan, 2007, p. 336). Such non-judgmental and realistic underpinnings of the instrument are perhaps the reasons for its massive influence and application. It is interesting to note that none of them have studied and trained under Jungian psychoanalysis yet they accepted his ideas and studied it enthusiastically for 25 years. To begin with, both were not psychologists and do not have a strong foundation in statistics.   In the 1940’s, psychological testing was a very young field and inventory type questionnaires were not popular.   While psychology often measures characteristic, Myers and Briggs were more drawn towards preferences which identify the dominant functions of individuals.   At that time, they did not have the convenience of computers making item analysis, so they relied heavily on friends who they classified as â€Å"thinking† and â€Å"feel ing† individuals.  

How to Sleep Well Essay Example for Free

How to Sleep Well Essay In order to sleep well we should follow three reasons. First of all, don’t eat or drink a lot before bedtime. If you drink too much liquid before sleeping, youll wake up repeatedly in the night for trips to the bathroom or cause you to wake up repeatedly. Don’t eat spicy or fatty foods because they cause heartburn especially, don’t eat something that triggers serotonin, which makes you sleepy. Second, do and dont exercise when you have free time. For example, if you have a sedentary job, a lack of physical exertion may be reducing the quality of your sleep. A day of physical exertion (such as taking a run or a swim) or, better yet, regular exercise can make for deeper and more restful sleep. The best time to exercise is in the afternoon. Third, Change your sleeping position. You may think that its impossible to control what position you sleep in since you arent fully aware of what you are doing, but it can make a considerable difference. When you go to sleep, or if you wake up in the middle of the night, make a conscious effort to follow these guidelines until it becomes habitual. Keep your body in a mid-line position, where both your head and neck are kept roughly straight. Dont use a flat pillow that causes your head to tilt down toward the mattress. Its difficult to maintain the mid-line position, and it is more likely to cause pains. This will help alleviate stress on your back and neck by slightly propping up your body on one side. To sum up, try one or two or a combination until you have enough quality sleep to feel alert and well rested.

The low growth of women Essay Example for Free

The low growth of women Essay Due to the low growth of women entering in the politics, people all around the world are suggesting different approaches to enhance the growth of women in the political sector. Applying quota system is one of the approaches. The initiation of quotas in legislation for women puts forward a policy of precise means and goals. Due to the system’s affectability and efficiency the masses think that this approach will increase the representation of women in the politics. But these quota systems also face strong resilience and raise very serious questions. How to execute the quota policy? What happened to the countries who adopted the quota systems? What arguments come up for the use of quotas? Justification: The main thought behind using the quota approach is to encourage women to participate more in politics and work in political positions and also see to that the women are not only a few tokens in the political scenario. Quotas ensure that women are entitled to have a specified percentage of the associates in the legislative body, whether it is a committee, an assembly or a government. Quota systems help to raise the representation of women in the political world to ensure that women are not left out or being isolated and are at the every step of the political systems (Niven, 1998). Pros of quota system: ? Quotas will help to minimize the stress faced by the already present token women in the parliament or committee. ? It will help to raise the rights of women as a civilian in the same demonstration. ? The need of women’s experiences in the political life can be filled. ? It will help to represent the qualities and qualifications of women, which are the same as men, in the male dominated society. ? The fact is the political parties nominate the selections, not the voters, who only decide which nominee is elected. ? Conflicts may arise by applying quotas, but it would be temporary and will do a lot of good in the long run in the representation of women in the political frame. Opposing view point: According to Anna Balletbo and many others quotas are considered as double ended swords. Each end gives the male the upper hand over women. At one end, men think to empower the women by involving them in decision making and creating more opportunities for them. But at the other end, the men who are responsible for creating opportunities for women will try to find the women whom they can manage very easily and only allow the specific type of women who accept the domination of man over women (International IDEA, 2007). Cons of quota system: ? Quotas represent unequal opportunity for all as it is not purely based on merit and favors women. ? Quotas also represent an undemocratic atmosphere as the voters are not able to make the decision about who is going to be elected. ? Quotas simply shows that the political candidates are nominated because of their gender rather then their qualifications, which creates a system of unfairness as merit is not being preferred and people with higher capabilities and higher qualifications are brushed aside by the quota system. ? Women don’t want to get involved in politics because of the perception that women cannot be a part of government. ? Implementation of quotas will create many inter- party conflicts and lead to political instability. Conclusion: The primary objective of quota system is to increase the number of women in the political scenario and clearly represent the under acknowledge gender in the political system. A successful quota arrangement will allow the ample amount of qualified women candidates to be recruited by the political group or party, and a certain number of women will be in the part of the government instead of the few token one’s and lastly it will allow the elected women candidates to enforce their idea’s and their feminist thinking in decision making process. Just to pass a rule to allow women a 30 per cent seats in the parliament is not adequate. Implementation of the quotas is essential. Regulations should be kept clear cut, the vaguer they are, the more the risk of the non-implementation of quota regulations. Implementing the quota system will not silence its critics, as the regulatory body and the supporters of quota system need to understand, that their criticism is not temporary and have to be dealt throughout the future. By introducing quota system in the government bodies, in the past decade, has made considerable rise in the women politicians in most of the countries. These countries experienced a change in the policies and a significant growth in the women decision making. But it also depends upon the women as to how much they are loyal to their respective political parties and how much of the policy of quota is implemented (Tremblay, 2008). Through research it has been shown that women who are engaged in some sort of civil society work have got a higher chance of getting elected then the one’s who don’t and they also enjoy a greater influence on bills and policies then other women. Even if the quota system is implemented many hurdles are still to overcome in all the male-dominated societies. Reference: Niven, David. The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates. Praeger, 1998. International IDEA. Designing for Equality: Best-Fit, Medium-Fit and Non-Favourable Combinations of Electoral Systems and Gender Quotas. International Idea, 2007. Tremblay, Manon. Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.