‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types Essay

Introduction In this essay I puzzle out to plant an apprehension of Jungs character fictitious characters by depicting and amount his conjecture and to demo how they might useful in assisting a therapist to puzzle curative exterminates. I leave as well look at nearly of the unfavorable judgments levelled at Jungs theory. Carl Gustav Jung. ( 26 July 1875 6 June 1961 ) . was a Swiss psychologist and head-shrinker. and the laminitis of analytical mental apprehension. His anthropoid p arnt was a Pastor. and he had an stray childhood. going in reality introspective. it run intoms he had a schizophrenic reputation.Although Freud was involved with analytical psychological science and worked with patients with hysterical neuroticisms Jung. nevertheless. worked with psychotic person patients in infirmary. He was struck by the cosmopolitan symbols ( or Archetypes ) in their psychotic beliefs and hallucinations ( ref. Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) . His work and influence extends mood beyond looking temperament. and he is considered to be iodin of the greatest chiefs to h grey theorised about life and how mickle relate to it.Carl Jung was among m all great personality theoreticians who drew inspiration and management from the ancient theoretical papers the identicals of star divination and the Four Dispositions. For 100s of old ages at that place has been some sort of typology to seek and categorize several(prenominal)s attitudes and behavior. e. g. Astrology. Oriental astrologists invented the oldest signifier of typology believing is that in that respect is a personality peculiarity that is relevant to each mark and that a persons character/personality can be classified in footings of the elements send packing H2O air and Earth.Those under fire had a ardent nature and corresponding disposition and destiny. etc. The ancient Greeks imagined in the quadruplet temperaments / four humours . which can be traced back t o Ancient Greek medical strength and doctrine ( 400BC ) . particularly in the work of Hippocrates the Father of Medicine ) and in Platos thoughts about character and personality. It was believed that in guild to lay aside wellness. sight destinyed an rase so end of the four organic structure fluids blood. emotionlessness. white- failred gall. and black gall.These four organic structure fluids were linked to certown(prenominal) concoction meats and unwellnesss and besides represented the Four Temperaments or Four Humours of personality. The Grecian ready Galen ( AD 130-200 ) subsequently introduced the facet of four basic dispositions reflecting the wits the sanguine. light type the phlegmatic. sulky type the choleric. choleric type and the melancholiac. dejected type. Galen besides classified drugs in footings of their supposed effects on the four wits.He therefore created a systematic usher or choosing drugs. which although scientifically wrongfulness were the foun dation rock of handling psychological and psychiatric unwellnesss. Carl Jung approached personality and psychological types ( besides referred to as Jungs psychological types ) from a position of clinical depth psychology. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th ascorbic acid to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence by mid-life and into old age. He focused on qualify uping and developing a relationship surrounded by witting and unconscious mind mind procedures.Jung believed that paginate 2 there was a dialogue between the witting and unconscious and without it the unconscious procedures can weaken and even endanger the personality and this is seen in one of his aboriginal constructs of unmarriedisation. He believed that individualization is a life long procedure of personal development that involves set uping a connexion between the swelled head and the ego. which could be brought to its highest realization if worked with and the unconscio us was confronted. ( Stevens 1999 ) Jung. like Freud. referred to the self- magnificence when depicting the to a greater extent than witting facet of personality. impertinent Freud he did non seek to understate the unconscious side of the personality. entirely or else gave it equal position. complimentary to that of the witting. He referred to the integrated personality as self-importance the subject matter of the entire mind. including both the witting and the unconscious. The Self includes all of a persons qualities and potencies whether or non they become evident at a peculiar phase of life. The end of therapy is to steer the client to go a consentient a human being as personal fortunes result let.It was out of Jungs confrontation with the unconscious. both in himself and in his patients. that he easy elaborated his psychological science. In his 1921 work. Personality Types . Jung comp atomic number 18d his four stand fors ( as shown on a lower floor ) of personality to t he four points on a cover. While a individual faces one way. he or she still uses the other points as a usher. Most slew keep one map as the dominant one although some quite a little whitethorn develop cardinal over a life-time. It is merely the individual who achieves self-fulfillment that has wholly demonstrable all four maps.His book besides acted as the compass by which Jung tried to go by dint of how he differed from Freud and Adler. notwithstanding much significantly. could get pass to chart the internal universe of people. Jungs Four Psychological Functions atomic number 18 as follows Rational Functions? Thinking ( procedure of cognitive idea ) ? touch sensation ( map of subjective judgement or rating ) enabling function doing Ir able Functions? Sensation ( perceptual experience utilizing the physical perceive var. meats? Intuition ( receptiveness to unconscious contents ) supplying the in shapeation on which to do judgements.Jung held a deep grasp of origin al life and considered church property a cardinal portion of the human journey. There is a whole literature associating Jungian psychological science and religiousty. chiefly from a Christian position. This literature includes Hagiographas by Kelsey ( 1974. 1982 ) and by Sanford ( 1968. 1981 ) . Caprio and Hedbergs ( 1986 ) Coming Home A Handbook for Researching the Sanctuary Within is a practical usher for spiritual work in the Christian tradition. It contown(prenominal)s striking personal narratives. first-class illustrations. and usable exercisings.( Frager &038 A Fadiman 2005 ) Jungs description of personality provinces that in point to scallywag 3 place a psychological type it is undeniable to find whether a individual is oriented chiefly toward his inside(prenominal) universe ( intussusception ) or toward orthogonal military personnel ( extroversion ) . k presentlyn as the cardinal attitude of the person to underscore its importance. Jungs eight personality types be as follows ? extroverteded Thinking Jung theorized that people understand the universe by means of a mix of concrete thoughts and abstract 1s. but the abstract constructs atomic number 18 1s passed down from other people.Extroverted minds are oft note found running(a) in the research scientific softens and mathematics. invaginate Thinking These persons interpret remark in the environment through a subjective and originative means. The readings are informed by internal cognition and apprehension. Philosophers and theoretical scientists are frequently introspective thinking-oriented people. Extroverted Feeling These people judge the value of things base on neutral fact. Comfortable in societal state of personal businesss. they form their sentiments based on socially accepted values and bulk beliefs.They are frequently found operative in concern and political relations. invaginate Feeling These people make judgements based on subjective thoughts and on internal ly established beliefs. Oftentimes they ignore predominating attitudes and withstand societal norms of thought. retract feeling people thrive in callings as art critics. Extroverted Feeling These people perceive the universe as it truly exists. Their perceptual experiences are non colored by any preexistent beliefs. Jobs that require nonsubjective reappraisal. like vino taste testers and proofreaders. are top hat filled by extrospective feeling people.Introverted Feeling These persons interpret the universe through the lens of subjective attitudes and seldom see something for merely what it is. They make sense of the environment by giving it intending based on internal contemplation. Introverted feeling people frequently turn to assorted humanistic disciplines. including enactment picture and classical music. Extroverted Intuitive These people prefer to understand the significances of things through subliminally perceived nonsubjective fact instead than incoming receptive br eeding.They rely on intuitions and frequently disregard what they perceive straight from their senses. Inventors that come upon their innovation via a shot of penetration and some spiritual reformists are characterized by the extrovert intuitive type. Introverted Intuitive These persons. Jung idea. are late influenced by their internal motives even though they do non wholly understand them. They find intending through unconscious. subjective thoughts about the universe. Introverted intuitive people comprise a beta part of mystics. phantasmagoric creative persons. and spiritual fiends.They are mysterious dreamers. concerned with possibilities instead than what is presently present. Seldom understood by others. Repress feeling. Jung describe himself as an introspective intuitor. Introverts are people who prefer their internal universe of ideas. feelings. phantasies. dreams. and so on. while extraverts prefer the external universe of things and people and activities. Page 4 Today t he words move over become baffled with thoughts like shyness and sociableness. partly because retracts tend to be diffident and extraverts tend to be sociable.But Jung intended for them to mention more to whether you ( ego ) more frequently faced toward the character and outer world. or toward the bodied unconscious and its originals. In that sense. the introvert is slightly more jump on than the extravert. Our civilization. of class. values the extravert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our ain type most. ( Boeree 1996 ) a impression which is peculiarly utile to healers today as it is of import non to let personal feelings to take topographic point when working with clients.Both introvert and extrovert overvalue their strengths and each tends to underestimate the other. To the extrovert. the introvert seems narcissistic and dull. and to the introvert. the extrovert appears superficial and insincere ( Fordham. 1966 ) . Jung believed that a individual remained a n extrovert or introvert without alteration for the whole of his life. and that heredity de landmarkines whether the libido is directed inward or outward. Whether a individual is an introvert or extravert they need to cover with both their internal and outer universe. And each has their preferable modality ofcovering with it. ways which they are comfy with and good at. This hypothesised stableness of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empirical research utilizing Non-Jungian steps of invagination and extroversion. ( Cloniger 2000 ) Jung suggested a connexion between each of the attitudes and certain neurotic upsets which go out be discussed subsequently. We now find the introvert-extravert dimension in several theories. notably Hans Eysencks. In Eysencks ( 1982 ) position people are biosocial animate beings and that psychological science stands at the hamlets of biological scientific disciplines and societal scientific disciplines.He states that psychologica l science must go more of a true scientific discipline with methodological outline in all that the healer does in order to allow personality theoreticians to do anticipations that can be tested and hence do executable the development of the causal theory of personality. which he believes will necessarily assist the healer with clients showing jobs. Jung compared the witting portion of the mind ( self-importance ) to an island that rises out of the sea. We notice merely the portion above the H2O. even though there is a greater land mass below the H2O much like an iceberg. the unconscious prevarications below ( Fordam1953 ) .The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each single consisting of perceptual experiences. ideas. feelings and memories that prevail been put to one side or repressed but non ever covered by sea and therefore can be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is alone to every person. the incorporated unconscious is divided up or trans personal and consists of certain potencies that we all portion because of our human nature. because we all live in groups and in some signifier of society or kinsperson life.He believed that the corporate unconscious did non develop separately but was acquire and consisted of preexistent signifiers. the originals. An original is a cosmopolitan thought signifier or sensitivity to react to the universe in certain ways and is important to Jungs construct of the corporate unconscious because it emphasises potencies in which we may show our humanity. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams. art. ritual. myths and symptoms.Eysenck believed that from a point of position of scientific discipline. Jungs part to the survey of personality types had been chiefly negative as he permitted mystical impressions to overrule empirical informations and sought to travel beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. A individual is non normally defined by merely one of the eight personality types. Alternatively. the disparate maps exist in a hierarchy. One map will hold on a lord consequence and another will hold a secondary consequence.Normally. harmonizing to Jung. a individual merely makes important use Page 5 of two maps. The other two take deficient places. Jung believed that it was non satisfactory to possess merely one of the above-named maps to be a well-rounded personality and be able to confront lifes experiences. Jung described two of the four maps as rational and two as inconclusive besides he used the footings judging/perceiving. Thinking can account for logic and judgment. Our likes/dislikes are a feeling map.These two maps are know as rational as they use our reflecting ability. Sensation and intuition are known as irrational maps because it is what is seen in the external universe ( esthesis ) and interior universe ( intuition ) . In pattern. the subsidiary map is ever one whose nature. rational or irrational. is different from the primary map. For case. feeling can non be the secondary map when thought is dominant. and frailty versa. because both are rational and judging maps ( Daryl Sharp. 1989. p. 19 ) One of the four maps may be demonstrable more. and this would be known as a primary or superior map. whilst the others may be classed as inferior.What this means is that a primary map is one which a individual uses more. whilst possibly. other maps are non used so much ( inferior ) and these might lend to a individual experiencing unable(p) to get by with a state of affairs in which an inferior map is needed to be active. Jung acknowledged that the four orienting maps do non incorporate everything in the witting mind. Will power and memory. for case. are non included.The institute for this is that they are non typological determinants-though of course they may be affected by the manner one maps typologically believing is ever accompanied by an lower locating of feeling. and differentiated esthesis is deleterious to intuition and frailty versa ( ref. Daryl Sharp. 1987. p. 15 ) Jung used the term libido to specify what he meant by extravert and introvert. it was non meant in a intimate manner. like Freud. but as a term for energy. Introversion. writes Jung. is usually characterized by a hesitant. brooding. retiring nature that keeps itself to itself. psychiatrists from objects and is ever somewhat on the defensive .Conversely. Extraversion is usually characterized by an outgoing. candid. and suiting nature that adapts easy to a given state of affairs. rapidly form fond regards. and. puting aside any possible scruples. will frequently venture Forth with careless authorization into unknown situations . ( ref. Daryl Sharp1987. p. 13 ) . The balance between the two can be disturbed either manner. on the one side. furthermost backdown. invagination or even psychosis. snubs a individual off from external world. On the other side. overly extroverted or constricted personalities may be cut off from subjective feelings or interior world ( Ref. Dennis Brown &038 A Jonathan Redder 1989p. 81 ) .Jung acknowledged that it is sometimes hard to work out what personality type some people belong to. he stated. It is frequently really hard to happen out whether a individual belongs to one type or the other. particularly in respect to oneself ( ref Jung. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 99 ) Peoples permute their manner of behavior in different fortunes. because this is the manner they wish to be perceived. to be accepted by others. Jung referred to this as a character ( or a mask ) where a individual relays to others. person they are non. evidently to conform to others outlooks of them.This is besides known as the crude side of the personality The character Page 6 signifiers in early childhood. when a claw signifiers in his head what is acceptable to his parents. instructors etc. If it is repressed this is what Jung referred to as the ghost . If the shadow is non allowed t o come up. it will turn bigger. Jung believed that by confronting up to your shadow. it may enable you to alter it. The shadow may emerge in times of utmost anger/dreams. Jung believed that the shadow is indispensable as it allows an single to see the universe.We are each Born with a natural balance. If our natural balance is disquieted due to repression or conditioning so our heads will in some manner seek to reconstruct the balance which Jung saw as the power of the unconscious surfacing as the return of the pent-up . The self-importance emerges out of the ego in childhood. It is your individualism. who you are. your ain self-importance appertaining merely to you. the Centre of consciousness. As you go into maturity there may be business between the self-importance and ego. as the persons attitude alteration.Avowal of the Self liberates its originative energies and brings certain cognition that the best life is the life lived sub gold fraternization ( ref. . Anthony Stevens 200 1. p. 157 ) . Jung seemed to put a batch of accent on the Self. I suppose this is because it is the Self. which he believed. will finally imagine alteration in behavior. He was one of the few psychologists in the 20th century to keep that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life into old age. ( ref. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 38 ) . .Jung disagreed with Freud on his positions on gender i. e. the Oedipus complex . Jung preferred to name this complex a love aspect . of a mother/child and non a intimate one/incest. as Freud believed to be the instance. Jung and Freud both agreed though. that unconscious ideas ( dreams ) were the manner to personal penetration of the person. After his separating with Freud. overtly because of dissension about the importance of gender. but possibly besides over father-son competitions. Jung once more withdrew into what Heisenberg ( 1970 ) calls a creative illness during which he excessively conducted a ego analysis ( ref Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder ( 1989 ) p. 107 ) .But he did non utilize free necktie . but provoked unconscious imagination which he wrote down. pull his dreams. protracting narratives which he told himself. This is how he became involved in analytical psychological science. He spend long periods at his lakeside retreat. jumping between his inner world/ outer universe. Freud. looked back into a clients childhood. whereas Jung looked to the hereafter more and did non set much importance into the past. more in what can be achieved. the ends to take for . . the hope . . of alteration. The unconscious head of a adult male. Jung believed. contained a female component ( anima ) . and a womans a male component ( animosity ) .These he believed to be linked to titillating desires. on what the single discoveries attractive in the opposite sex. Another belief Jung held. is that if a individual reacts really strongly to his anima/animus it may take to homosexualism. This is what he believed. non which has been proven to be true.Page 7 Jungs theories. I believe to be utile in therapy. because if you can measure an persons personality. you can try to do the therapy more applicable to their type which Jung viewed as their singularity as an person. the wholeness . He did non conceal behind a client like Freud. preferring to utilize a face to confront method. where the client and the healer are equal he besides used personal work on dreams. a assortment of ways to seek and advance growing in the client. to look to the hereafter.His positions on mental unwellness gave some hope to a sick person as he believed that within the psychosis experienced there is a personality concealed. with hopes. desires etc. he tried to understand them through reading. Jung saw mental unwellness as a defect. as inferior. but tried to assist the single face this inferior side and approximative his extrospective side to accomplish wholeness .On the whole. Jungs typology is best used in the manner t hat one would utilize a compass all typological possibilities are theoretically available to the Self. but it is utile to be able to set up those coordinates that one is utilizing to chart ones class through life. Jung accepted that this class is neer intractably fixed it may be at any clip be capable to change. Viewed in this visible radiation. consciousness of ones psychological type is non a restraint but release. for it can open up new navigational possibilities in life. the being of which 1 might otherwise neer have discovered ( ref. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 101 )Jung possessed his critics. chiefly Freudian. after his split with Freud in peculiar his Archetypes theories concentrating on Jungs belief that the beginnings of originals ( and their footing in the corporate unconscious ) transcend to the person. in that they reflect on hereditary or cosmopolitan kernel. The review besides examines a related impression of Jungs. that the corporate unconscious unites us with the un iverse around us in an conterminous paranormal or synchronism sense. These impressions of Jungs are found to be earnestly flawed.In malice of this. the review suggests that Jungs belief in the familial footing of certain unconscious content holds some promise. With this in head. suggestions are made refering needful alteration in Jungs theory and refering the sort of grounds required for its support. ( ref. Journey of Humanistic Psychology. Spring 1996. Vol 36 no. 261. 91. p. 223-242. Another unfavorable judgment with respects to Jung is he does non wear upon into childhood experience in contrast to Freud and depth psychology and some psychologists find his theories hard and drawn out.Besides his theory does bring off a moderate sum of research and 2 ) Neither possible to verify or distort. ( ref. HttpYahoo. com. Page 8 Conclusion In order to expeditiously assist a client and to find curative ends it is necessary to set up whether a individual is chiefly orientated toward their i nner ( invagination ) or outer universe ( extroversion ) and following to measure which are the dominant and auxillary psychological maps of the client. Jung said that people connect thoughts. feelings. experiences and information by manner of associations in the unconscious in such a manner as to impact their behaviour.He identified these groupings as Complexes . He believed that they may be organised around a peculiar individual or object and the healer may utilize this cognition to engender to the head of the clients consciousness a state of affairs which they may be happening hard to untangle from. The curative end of Jungian therapy is to assist the client resoluteness imbalanced facets of their personality which at present in a figure of differing ways of psychological perturbation.Examples include utmost negativeness. dependences. grades of paranoia. sudden spiritual transition. in appropriate fond regards to unsuitable spouses. craze. passion. depression. hypochondrias or schizophrenic personality traits as Jung himself had as a male child. By understanding his theory and how each type may show the healer can assist them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a procedure in which the client is helped to come to footings with the topographic point of ego within their ain universe and besides to assist them see that they are portion of a greater corporate unconscious.Much of Jungs work was about the interconnectedness of all people and civilizations. Today more than of all time as we seek to go one world Jungs work with easterly every bit good as western faiths and civilizations seems more and more appropriate. The work of Hans Eysenck through empirical surveies across the universe has shown that personality types exist in all civilizations and hence concludes that there is a familial component part to personality types.Such transverse cultural unanimity would be unlikely if biological factors did non play a prevailing part ( Eysenck. 19 90 ) But like Jung he believed that environmental factors likely find how much an person will develop to their full potency. The usage of appropriate appraisal techniques can be priceless in assisting a healer to develop the untapped potency within the person and is so making contribute to the corporate syncope and synchronism of the planet as a whole.