Discussion of readings about graphic design Essay - 1

Discussion of readings about graphic design - Essay ExampleYet, on the other side it provides a graphic designer with the liberty to try a range of thematic patterns and visual elements that could be crafted while using that modular element. In that sense modularity should not be considered to be an element that limits the creativity of a graphic designer. For instance just because buildings are constructed by using modular building materials like bricks and lumber, this no way imposes any limitations on the creative possibilities that could be explored by any architect. In that sense the concept of modularity mentioned by Lupton and Phillips does blend with Gerstners ideas about calculative programs that it has to do with placing the visual creativity and imagination of a graphic artist in the service of an already standardized and fabricated design pattern or method. It does need to be understood that in a bet industrialization era, graphic art is also a commodity that is consume d on a lot scale. Thereby it would not be practical to think about graphic art as an entity that could be left open to free and individual imagination. Hence, Gerstner is compensate when he talks about reducing the creative process to an act of selection.Richard Saul Wurman does lay stress on the fact that that such data and reading that one comes across in the day to day life is not as understandable as it is actually considered to be. This stands to be true not unaccompanied for the data and information that are considered to be highly specialized and professional. This is equally true for the data that is considered to be public, general and common. Hence, in the post industrialization and post information technology revolution era, the one big challenge for designers is to make the available information more easily understandable, available and visual. Mushon Zer-Aviv does correctly and precisely beguile this point that data does need to be made more easily understandable a nd

Derrick Jones, Former Albion Prison Inmate, Wins $312,000 Jury Verdict Article

Derrick Jones, origin Albion Prison Inmate, Wins $312,000 Jury Verdict for Negligent Medical Care - Article ExampleThe doctors gave him narcotics and crutches. The conterminous day he fell from stairs, but was not given an MRI. The second case study is that of Dennis Austin, who was convicted of rape, and died of bed sores.The articles information and the case studies raising awareness for wellness care organizations. The message is for the health care communities, to raise their efficiency of health care provision and quality of care. Hospitals and health care agencies must(prenominal) comply with the code of ethics, so that no individual remains deprived of proper and timely health care.There is need for steps taken by health care organizations to provide timely and quality health care to citizens. The Affordable Care Act is one such law that ensures affordable and mellow quality health care provision. This legislation was passed by Congress, and the President signed it into l aw on March 23, 2010.The article made me feel sorry for the health standards provided in state prison. I feel that the prisoners must be provided proper health care, since negligence regarding provision of health care is not part of their penalties. It is their right.Lohr, D. (2012). Derrick Jones, Former Albion Prison Inmate, Wins $312,000 Jury Verdict For Negligent Medical Care. Huffpost Crime. Retrieved May 6, 2013, from

Individual Work Motivation Essay Example for Free

Individual Work Motivation EssayBe it a multi-national company or a small superstore right down the corner of your house, motivated and energetic employees are a pre-requisite everywhere in order to reach the zenith of excellence, success and prosperity. In amity with a research paper rooting out from The Ohio State Universitys Piketon Research and Extension Center and Enterprise Center, enthusiastic employees are desired for the survival and efficacy of a particular organization. (Lindner J. R. 1984)An assortment of theories exist which suggests the reasons that why the employees in this organization were unable to be energized and elated to perform better and portray their true authorisation and ability in the training program which was chalked out by their respective organization. (Lindner J. R. , 1984) Theories and their implications To begin with, expectancy opening is a theory that has been drafted out by schoolmaster Vroom who belongs to the Yale school of Managemen t.This theory aptly states that employees in any company would be highly motivated if they firmly believe that more hard do and better performance would succumb to better results, improved outcomes and enhanced rewards such as a tremendous increase in ones wages or fringe benefits. (Vroom, n. d) Vroom also throws lights on this exceptionally important fact that an employees motivation and hence his or her performance is based on numerous factors such as aptitude, skills, personality, experience and the amount of knowledge that he or she possesses.Following this, the attention is now turned to the reinforcement theory of motivation. This theory was chalked out by B. F. Skinner and his accomplices. The foundation of this theory is the law effect. This means that an individual behavior have a tendency to be ingeminate if the consequences and the rewards are confirmative and tends to declines if the consequence are negative. Some of the note-worthy elements of the reinforcement the ory are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction.Re-inforcement theories Keeping these two considerably substantial theories in mind, the employees at this particular organization are unable to execute well in the training program because they are provided with less rewards and less positive consequences. Their performance in the training program is not co-related with the rewards that they would receive. Each employee is paid the same amount for attending the program, whether that employee is motivated or not, had play alonged the exam or not.Hence, employees are not at all passionate and energetic for performing well in the program. Following this, the employees are allowed to retake the training till the time they pass the exam. This policy makes the employees motivated to give out their hundred percent at the training program. Recommendations Keeping all these factors into consideration, managers of this organization should tightly relate the re wards with the performance and should make use of the theory of positive reinforcement.Managers should also make sure that the rewards are those that are valued by their employees and are desired by them. Employees should be granted the necessary support to boost up their motivation and enthusiasm, such as a mentor or a human resource manager. Last just not the least, negative reinforcement should be used as tool to motivate the employees by informing them that not performing up to a bench mark and hence not passing the training would result in negative rewards such a decrease in ones pay or the cutting down on some of the fringe benefits.

Marketing Mix Essay Example for Free

Marketing Mix EssayTyson Foods promotes some(prenominal) different types of food in the food chain industry. They are ranked 96 in the Fortune 500 in Americas largest corporations. Tysons produced poultry, beef, and pork, as well as providing the previous to several chain stores to use crossings. From McDonald nug bumps to the pipe sandwich, Tyson is one of the largest poultry processing plants in the country. Tyson also distributes bag in bag products to stores which include Sams and Wal-Mart stores around the world. Tyson is best known for the appetizers and furious wings. Tyson has become one of the biggest marketers of value added chicken, beef, pork, as well as distributors to retail grocers, food service distributors, and national fast food and restaurant chains. The comp both thrives to lot feed the hungry and also donates to the Ameri notify Red Cross. Other distributions include sending product overseas to Russia and Japan.From the United States to overseas, from g rocery stores to restaurants Tyson Foods has become a attracter of marketers in the food industry. They present done this by producing the mixture of products that customers enjoy and love to eat. Tyson has a marketing department that strives to be the leading provider in food service for the customers and consumers. The research and development department work hand-in-hand with the marketing department to achieve the leading market position for the products that are being produced today. Tyson brands have specific advertising that will attract the consumer in the market as well as on line through Check Point LLC. Tyson taint name can been seen on websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and in general just by surfing the internet.Product coupons can be found in newspaper, online, and grocery stores. All advertising is done within the guidelines of the Federal Trade Commissions. Tyson received the Mosaic and Diversity Achievement Award for multicultural advertising. Powered By Tyson t elevision commercials help Tyson achieve the award by reaching out the multicultural groups in todays competitive environment. The commercials also helped get the countersignature out in a humorous way to give insight and show how Tyson protein adds strength and energy to routine life. The marketing department specifically concentrates on things that focus towards consumer targets such as fast and easy or counterbalance pre-cooked. A major key point is to provide some relief to everyday consumer problems such as less prep time for meals or as easy as popping it into the oven. Marketing paper advertisements are primarily for adults who deck out the meals for their selves or for the family.Television advertisement is done solely without violence, prejudice, sex, and profanity. All marketing advertisement whether printed or aired on television does not disparage any religion, ethnic, or political group. As an ongoing basis, Tyson thrives to identifying the distinctive markets and b usiness opportunities best for the company. Tyson is committed to finding the everyday solution for customers and the consumers through research and by organise a mix of activities on both rational and emotional levels. Tyson products are advertised through television commercial, radio stations, and newspapers. The way to attract the consumers to actually defile the product is by distributing coupons and in-store ads. Other ways to distribute coupons is in magazine inserts, on the internet, as well as the official Tyson web-site.When a customer is obtain in a local grocery store that is advertising Tyson products as a buy one get one free campaign, the consumer is more disposed(p) to buy the products. A working class family that is always on the go will likely try a Tyson product which is easy to prepare on with being affordable. Products such as Tyson Chicken Breast Tenderloins can be found in the frozen section in many grocery stores. This product is all natural, and is pre-co oked for convenience. It is always better to try a product when it on sale but Tyson Tenderloins is around four to five dollars for an average box of 5 breaded tenderloins. Tyson has a good marketing mix by publishing coupons which boosts sales of products and aid in the introduction of new products.The Tyson marketing team is promoting product several different ways to boosts products such as the Grill Ready or Anytizers. Along with promoting the products, people can go on-line to the official web-site and get recipes, enter into sweepstakes, or watch video commercials. Tyson will also promote the new products available on the website along with cooking tips of the month and options to ask mind and get answers from the experts. Some examples of promotions that Tyson has offered, give people chances to win prizes such as Home Entertainment Systems and maybe even a Ford Explorer. The promotional deals Tyson offers can be seen on the official web-sites, surfing the web, and even on FB and Twitter.Previous promotional deals have reached as far as sponsoring Nascar events and the Olympics to the Americas petty(prenominal) Miss Pageant. Sponsoring events to promote Tyson products is reaching out to beyond the common household. This type of strategy goes to show consumers how being Powered by Tyson works in the saving and is how the campaign is moving forward to proudly Power the World. The Marketing mix of Tyson has grown over the years to become one of the largest industries in the world. denary productions of products include chicken, beef, and pork.From fresh to frozen, refrigerated to meal kits, Tyson has managed reach out to the consumers by advertising on the web, Facebook, and Twitter. Coupons are another way to get the customers to buy Tyson products even if they havent tried them yet. Tyson has gone above and beyond to spread the word on being Powered by Tyson by promoting public events as well as Feeding the Hungry when hurricane Sandy hit the east c oast. Tyson is a company that supports the customers and the consumers around the world and is committed to the New Years resolution of Eating Smart.ReferencesRetrieved on January 9, 2013 from http//www.tysonfoods.com/Sustainability/2010/Products/5_5.aspx Retrieved on January 9, 2013 from http//www.tysonfoods.com/Media-Room/News-Releases/2006/09/Tyson-Marketing-Campaign Retrieved on January 11, 2013 from http//www.tyson.com

Aims and objectives Essay Example for Free

Aims and objectives EssayBased on these characteristics of project prudence, it can be gathered that an event is as well as a project. What distinguishes an event from other projects is that it has a rattling strong merchandising element because it involves many actors, from the provider of the product or service and the prospective clients. Events assembles people thereof there is a collective hotshot of objective. Because of this attendance, events therefore pee-pee a strong promotional element (Soares). When it comes to parallel exclude and clubs, it is substantial that these establishments market themselves effectively in order to maintain their businesses. These establishments rely on customer count as a source of profits especially as they sell products like food and drinks, and services such as leaping and other entertainment-establish gatherings. It is therefore important that these bars and clubs ensure they have a strong patronage and customer flow in order to assure that their businesses persevere competitive. In observing the bar and club scene, there is much competition especially in a city like London. In looking at resources for these events such as TimeOut, there is always a list of bars and clubs with their respective events.These events may include a theme night, a special lymph node DJ or performer, a concert, and other gimmicks. It can be also observed that these events are strongly driven by sponsorships such as partnerships with relevant products and services like alcoholic drinks, fashion labels, and other lifestyle related products and brands. In this regard, when it comes to the application of events management concept in bars and clubs, it is evident that these have had some successes. This therefore elicits close inspection as to how these concepts are applied and which concepts are successful.It should be noted that due to the strong marketing element in these initiatives, these bars and clubs are also subject to what is known a product life cycle a cycle in which a product or service may start to plateau and decline. Hence, this reflects as to why bars and clubs may have their time some bars and clubs that were famous a a couple of(prenominal) years ago may have already shut down or are losing customers because new concepts get introduced in the market. It can be also observed that authentic event themes also went through their peak and lost their lusters examples are the raves, the cream parties, and the bubble parties, among others.Hence, this shows that although generally, events management concepts work in the context of bars and clubs, they dont work all the time and are not necessarily sustainable. This thereby shows the strong association between a project and an event something that is unique that has inauguration and an end. This research therefore aims to explore the events management concept at greater depths by means of looking at the actual applications and the industry practi ces.As certain events tend to become old, the turnover of new events concepts need to be examined, especially in a market with changing preferences and values. In addition to the aspect of events concepts, the management aspect is also examined by this paper. This is especially important as the market is volatile, and the entertainment and leisure sectors tend to get easily affected by economical and market challenges. This paper examines how events actually take place and how certain strategies may need to be formulated in order to respond to challenges in resources.This therefore bring up the issues on cost management and how bars and clubs intend to profit from their events. This may then bring up certain events management concepts and applications from other event genres as applied in affairs that take place in bars and clubs. The events management industry in the UK is a million-pound industry considering the turning of events held in the country, from conferences to major co ncerts. The industry also involves many sectors including those from the hospitality, entertainment and leisure services.This research therefore localises an exploration of events management in a specific context, and identifies the important factors that can affect the relevant businesses and establishments in this sector. In order to have a substantial insight on events management concepts in the context of bars and clubs establishments, this research therefore aims to achieve and implement the following To develop a framework of evaluation on the applicability of events management concepts as integral elements to the marketing success of bars and clubs. To establish how events management applications are integral to the success of the bars and clubs sectors. To create a workable research framework as based on the assessment of actual movements and developments in the dynamics of bar and club business in the city, especially as to how the application of events management concept s make a difference to the business of the bars and clubs. This includes both primary and secondary research. To identify the factors leading to entertainment establishment success in the context of the marketing mix, with an furiousness on the promotional dimension.Based on the sourced literature, it appears that there are a few studies with regards to events management, especially as to how these affects bars and clubs. Because of the close nature of events with projects, and due to the plump of events as marketing tools especially in this specific context of the study, much of the reviewed literature touches on the marketing aspect, the project and event management resources, and some literature touching on bars, clubs, nightlife and other entertainment establishments.

Impact of mass communications and mass media within modern culture

Impact of mass communications and mass media within modern cultureThe culture is very diverse. It is quite evident that due to the striking development of mass communications and mass media the modern culture impacts on many national cultures around the world. Every society is a legacy of the institutes. These institutes are kind of a collection of habits and customs.Without culture, the real freedom is impossible. Many researchers are certain that modern challenges require a resolute approach to the problems, and that chief problems await in the area of culture and their solution is in the development of culture.All nations that are cultured in a traditional sense have their septlore, their get cultural identity elaborated by many generations. Thor Hansen claimed Culture is something that evolves out of the simple, enduring elements of everyday life elements most truthfully expressed in the folk artistic creations and crafts of a nation.We make history but we are as well made by our history. Individuals and societies constantly move in history and use it as a reservoir of experience, allegiance and ideals that craft identities and outlooks. The patina of history ages the present. But more important when today is steeped in a vision of the past it becomes a performer to envision and shapes a trajectory into the future. History is never a dead letter, even if we fail to learn its lessons, or refuse anything except reliving its mistakes. (Sardar, 2002, p.11)Tradition, heritage, modernness all contested terms. But no less contested are the very words art and history, the one conduct away from, the other towards, a time-based judgement of the ethical outcomes of creative practice. But it is precisely when the terms are held in dialectical conflict that they function together to produce illuminations not just of the past, not just of the present, but of the processes of change in which we all humanity now alive must take our places. (Sardar, 2002, p.14) The aim of the present work is to gear up such phenomena as modernism, postmodernism and contemporary art as cultural reference points. In connection with this aim, the following tasks can be set to look at the history of these movements to relate the art movements on a lower floor concern with social developments.Cultural situation of the end of XIX freshman half of XX centuries developed under the sign of modernism. Fauvism, impressionism, cubism, futurism, abstractionism, Dadaism, surrealism are not nearly the full list of modernistic art movements.Modern (fr. Moderne means newest, modern, Art Nouveau, Jugendstil) European and American art expression of the end of XIX early XX centuries. Modernism is variously argued to be a period, panache, genre or combination of the above but it is first of all word, one that exists, alongside cognate words. Its stem, modern-, is a term that, from the latin modo, means current, and so has a far wider currency and range of essences tha n modernism. (Childs, 2008, p. 12-13)The new style spread all over Europe and first influenced architecture and interior decorationative art. Modern representatives used new technical and structural facilities, open-plans, unique architectural decor in order to create extraordinary, deeply individualized buildings. Plastic and fluent lines, floral patterns are typical for modern. Modern architecture,new architectural style that emerged in many Western countries in the decade after World War I. It was based on the rational use of modern materials, theprinciplesof functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedent and ornament. This style has been generally designated as modern, although the labels International style,Neue Sachlichkeit,and functionalism have also been used. (Answers.com)Speaking about modern in the broad sense the term avant-gardism may also be used. In other words the art movements mentioned above can be named either modernist or avant-garde ones. Avan t-Garde the term was first applied to artists in the nineteenth century to indicate those whose work seemed to be at the forefront of new developments in art as opposed to artists who hitched their artistic fortunes to Academic unison and as such its linguistic fortunes have paralleled Modernism (although theorists such as Peter Burger prefer to see the two as separate). Some critics have argued that with the dying of Modernism and the inception of Post Modernism, avant-gardes withal have disappeared.(Investigating Modern Art, 1996, p. 173)Considering the above mentioned material we can state that avant-gardism is connected with the retreat of culture from realism and solvent of art independence from reality. Creation of new and unique style and language in art.Let us go into particulars of art movements of modernism.Impressionists were against conventionalities of classicism, romanticism and academism, they insisted on the knockout of day-to-day life, simple democratic moti ves, strove for true-to-life honesty of picture, tried to catch the impression got from what an eye sees at the particular moment. The landscape is considered the most typical motive of impressionists. (Britt, 1990, p. 11)Cubism signified total rupture of connection with real image of the nature, which had been predominating in European painting since Renaissance. The aim of Picasso and Braque was to construct three-dimension form on the plane, its partitioning into geometric elements. Both painters were inclined to simple tangible forms, uncomplicated themes, what was especially typical of early cubism. (Britt, 1990, p. 159-161)Dadaists didnt develop their own original style. They lurched from one extreme to another, tried by any means (including provocative behavior) to shock self-complacent middlebrow. Cross-cutting, collage and ready-made (ordinary items presented as a work of art) were favorite Dadaism genres. Dadaism became popular very ready (especially in New York, where Marcel Duchamp was its leader), but the formed movement existed for a small period of time only. (Britt, 1990, p.203-210)It influenced much to other movements, in particular to surrealism (in its idolatry to absurd and fantastic), abstract expressionism and conceptual art. Freuds theory of the unconscious and his method of free associations as a way to pass from consciousness to the unconscious are the character of Surrealism. However, the forms of these ideas expression were quite different among surrealists. For instance, Dali drew his illogical paintings, resembling nightmares, with religious exactitude, likelihood enhancing impression of hallucination or delusion. Mark Ernst, in his turn, worked out his paintings nearly automatically, false off his mentality, preferring arbitrary characters, which often transferred into abstraction. Though Joan Miro is distinguished from other surrealistic painters by variety and cheerfulness of paintings. (Britt, 1990, p. 226-245)If we aggre gate all historic facts and translation of modernism in art, it is possible to assert that the feature of this movement is harmonious combination of very different things, and it constitutes its attractiveness and uniqueness. The age of modernism needed painters with habitual talents.Postmodernism literally means something after modernism, or the contemporary times. The genealogy of the term postmodernism dates back to 1917. It was first used by the German philosopher Rudolf Pannwitz in his work Crisis of European Culture. He was talking about a new person, called to overcome the decline. It was just a paraphrase of the Nietzsches idea of a superman. (Cahoone, 2003, p.2)If we disregard further uses of the term, the next stage, leading directly to modern disputes, was a literary password of the sixties in the USA. (Ward, 1997, p. 8-9)Initially, postmodernism denoted the crisis of avant-garde literature in it. However, later the term acquired a positive meaning denoting hopes to ov ercome the crisis, in particular, the gap between elite and mass culture. This term is used more and more often to characterize innovations in literature and art, and also transformations in the social and economic, technological and social and political sphere. (Ward, 1997, p. 4-7)Postmodernism receives the status of a notion in 80s first of all thanks to the works of Lyotard who spread the discussion of postmodernism to the sphere of philosophy. (Ward, 1997, p. 169-170)In the culture of postmodernism there is a trend called neo-expressionism. This is a trend in the art of certain artists in the USA and Europe, especially Germany, which appeared at the end of 1970s. The artists turned again to the expressive means of Expressionism, every time creating a very individual style, often charged with aggression and nervous twist. (Heartney, 2001, p. 13-18)In the postmodernism epoch there were such interesting terms as postmodernist feminism. From the mid 80s, the increasing number of f eminists who studied the implications of postmodernism for the benefit of feminism discussed the problem of their putting surface foundation and even described their own theories as postmodernist ones. According to Linda Nicholson, if feminism continues this movement towards a more historical, non-universal, non-essentialist theory, the one that acknowledges differences between women, then feminism will become postmodernism in its essence. However, this movement also means that feminism should reject universal statements concerning the gender, patriarchate and concerning women or a woman. For many feminists it means rejecting too much. (Heartney, 2001, p. 51-54)In the seventies, new trends appeared in the architecture. There is even an exact date July 15, 1972. On this day a block of new comfortable houses was blown up in the city of Saint Louis. (Introducing Postmodernism, 2004, p. 115)I think that postmodernism serves as assimilation of the experience of artistic avant-garde. Ho wever, unlike avant-garde, postmodernism fully erases the border between formerly sovereign spheres of spiritual culture and levels of consciousness between scientific and ordinary consciousness, high art and kitsch. The postmodernist attitude to culture appears as a result of violating the chastity of such a phenomenon as art. Postmodernism consciously moves away from creating original works to collage. And the strategy of postmodernism does not consist in assertion of destruction versus creation.

Revenue Recognition under US GAAP and IFRS

tax tax comprehension under US GAAP and IFRSInternational story Standards visiting card (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards plank (FASB) are working together to allow for a single gross citation model that can be applied to a full pose of industries and action types. US GAAP topically has many industry-specific requirements that are not always consistent with each other.Keywords revenue enhancement light, IASB, FASB, contractsThe topic of the research is Revenue Recognition under US GAAP and IFRS. Revenue is the largest item in fiscal statements, and issues involving revenue recognition are among the most important and difficult that standard setters and accountants face. Revenuerecognition requirements in U.S. GAAP are different from those in IFRSs and both are numerateed in need of improvement. U.S. GAAP comprises broad revenue recognition concepts and legion(predicate) industry or transaction-specific requirements that can result in different ex computer pr ogrammeation for economically similar transactions. Although, IFRSs contain less guidance on revenue recognition, its deuce main standards IAS 18 Revenue and IAS 11 Construction Contracts can be difficult to understand and apply beyond simple transactions. Also, they lack guidance on important topics such as revenue recognition for multiple-element arrangements.Reporting inconsistencies in this accounting area arise because there are no comprehensive accounting standards covering revenue recognition. Several authoritative accounting pronouncements come addressed detailed, industry-specific revenue recognition issues which caused practitioners to use standards in situations for which they were not intended. As a result, in 2002, the FASB added revenue recognition to its project agenda.In accounting, revenue recognition refers to the point when one is able to record a sale in the financial statements. years ago, the sale was made and then an invoice was issued. Now, products are so ld with added function, TVs are being sold with long term warranties, mobile phone contracts sold with a free phone, tickets sold for concerts which will not occur for a number of months, and software sold with free upgrades.International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) (collectively, the board) are working together to provide a single revenue recognition model that can be applied to a wide range of industries and transaction types. U. S. GAAP currently has many industry-specific requirements that are not always consistent with each other. The boards intend to improve current revenue recognition guidance byEnhancing consistency and comparability.Simplify U. S. GAAP. Currently, there are more than 100 revenue recognition standards in U.S. GAAP. Many of these standards are industry-specific, and some provide conflicting guidance.Providing guidance lacking in IFRS. The two main IFRS revenue recognition standards are vague, inconsistent , and difficult to apply to complex transactions,IASB and FASB published a joint discussion paper, Preliminary Views on Revenue Recognition in Contracts with Customers, in December 2008 that proposed a single revenue recognition model built on the principle that an entity should recognize revenue when it satisfies its performance obligation in a contract by transferring goods and services to a customer. This principle is similar to many alert requirements. A contract is defined as an agreement between two or more parties that creates enforceable obligations, and may consist of either explicit or implicit arrangements. However, IASB and FASB think that clarifying the principle and applying it consistently to all contracts with customers will improve the comparability and understandability of revenue for users of financial statements. The Discussion Paper desire comments on the Boards preliminary views on a single asset and liability based revenue recognition model that they believ e will improve financial reporting under U. S. GAAP and IFRS by (Ernest Young, 2009)Providing clearer guidance on when an entity should recognize revenue.Reducing the number of standards which entities pay off to refer to in determination of revenue.Establishing principles that will result in entities reporting revenue more consistently for similar contracts regardless of the industry in which an entity operates.In September 2002, the IASB and FASB announced plans to achieve convergence in a document referred to as the Norwalk Agreement which called for detailed differences to be removed rapidly and then other differences gradually. In 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) accepted the plan to apply IFRS to the statements filed with the SEC in 2008. check to Mintz (2008), the SEC detailed a road map for the adoption of IFRS that would monitor progress until 2011, when the commission will consider requiring U. S. public companies to file their financial statements usi ng IFRS. The road map take ons a potential phased transition over three years, beginning with large accelerated filers in 2014 and then nonaccelerated filers starting in 2016.The research will be done using secondary data collection from Google, Google scholar, ProQuest, discussion papers, and other academia databases. According to Dohrer (2009), U.S. GAAP revenue literature is built on principles that are similar to those in IFRS. However, U.S.GAAP has industry industry-specific revenue recognition literature, such as that for the software industry, which is special under IFRS. U.S. also includes more detailed implementation guidance.The problem for this research is to find a single asset and liability based revenue recognition model to improve financial reporting within both U. S. GAAP and IFRS. The researcher will seek to answer the following research questions1. How does realizability affects the measurements of rights?How is performance obligations identify?When will a custom er control the asset?Recognition under U.S. GAAP specifies that revenue should not be recognized until the revenue is either realized or realizable, and earned. Preparers, users, and auditors of financial reports have struggles with issues surrounding the timing of revenue recognition. This has led to fraudulent entries. In 1999, a report by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission report that more than one-half of financial reporting frauds studied from 1987 to 1997 involved overstating revenue. In response to the COSO report, the SEC issued SAB 101, Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements. This bulletin summarized applying revenue recognition principles to specific conditions (Stout and Baxendale, 2006).According to GAAP, revenue is realizable and earned when all of the following criteria are met.Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists.Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered.The sellers price to the buyer is fixed or determ inable.It is reasonably assured that payment will be collected.According to RevenueRecognition.com (2006), regardless of the companys size, ownership structure, or what systems it has in place, having a written revenue policy is essential to accurate revenue reporting. The policy should govern how contracts are written, how orders are booked, define the revenue accounting workflow, as well as how journal entries are made as revenue is managed through the finance department.Revenue recognition in IFRS is contained primarily within two standardsInternational Accounting Standard (IAS) 18 Revenue, which applies to the sales of goods, rendering of services, and the use of company assets by others yielding interest, royalties and dividends. IAS 11 Construction Contracts, which prescribe the accounting word of revenues and cost associated with construction contracts.These standards are that revenue is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be measured reliably. This occurs when the earnings military operation is substantially complete and is realized or realizable and earned. The Discussion Papers stated that the proposed model should not significantly change the accounting for many arrangements from the current practices under IFRS.Under IFRS, revenue is usually recognized when the risks and rewards associated with the goods or services have been transferred to the customer. Delivery is deemed to have occurred when the customer takes title to a good, indicating that the risks and rewards of ownership have passed to the customer.RevenueRecognition.com surveyed senior financial executives from 515 companies about the Discussion Paper. RevenueRecognition.com worked with staff members from the FASB and IASB revenue recognition project to create an internet survey based on the key questions raised(a) in the proposal. The survey was conducted in April 2009. More than 75% of respondents were senior fin ance executives including CFOs and Controllers. The key findings were that 54% of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed that a contract-based start out to revenue recognition would clarify the earnings process. And 66% said there would be little or no difference in the timing of their revenue recognition if delivery is defined as the transfer of control over good and services. Also, 70% agreed or strongly agreed that the Boards definition of a performance obligation as an accounting unit would help them identify components more consistently than existing practice.The history of difficult with revenue recognition in the corporate sector is full with instances of fraud. A COSO report, Fraudulent Financial Reporting 1987-1997 An Analysis of U. S. Public Companies reported that half of frauds involved overstated revenue. Online business-to-business transactions have led to questions about the validity of reported revenue. Past revenue recognition has involved fraudulently setting a side inventory not actually sold. Also, practices include written agreement for sales that are not signed by both parties because the seller would recognize revenue with only the verbal acknowledgment which is no longer permits. Auditors focus on revenue recognition overstatement in financial statements.Recommendations for improving revenue recognition are the followingThe person put down or auditing revenue should have a strong knowledge of U. S. GAAP for revenue recognition.The audit committee should be aware of issues and make appropriate inquires. solely relevant individuals should be knowledge about recent revenue recognition guidelines, including SAB 101 and EITF 99-17 and 99-19.In conclusion, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) are working to provide a single revenue recognition model that will be applied to a wide range of industries and transaction types. Revenuerecognition requirements in U.S. GAAP are different from those in IFRSs and both are considered in need of improvement. Recognition under U.S. GAAP specifies that revenue should not be recognized until the revenue is either realized or realizable, and earned.Under IFRS, revenue is usually recognized when the risks and rewards associated with the goods or services have been transferred to the customer.