Microeconomics Coursework †Minimum wage Essay

Negative externalities be the undesirable effects of the using up or production of a good on outsiders (individuals or firms) that atomic number 18 not accounted for in the private market (market for private firms and individuals) and atomic number 18 then called spillover effects. For example in the case of tobacco, the disallow externalities are health and are risks to the users and the people around them, pollution of the surrounding areas, addiction etc. It is a type of market ruin. market place failure is when a market kit and boodle badly or is absent completely. In this case, the market is overproducing tobacco therefore it is a market failure.This indicates that the social upbeat is less than private benefit i.e. benefit to individuals. This can be shown in the market diagram for tobacco.Market for tobacco showing negative externalitiesQuantity of tobacco (hundreds of tonnes)MSB is the marginal social benefit (social posit). It is the demand curve showing social d emand for tobacco. MPB is the marginal private benefit (individual demand). The vertical distance between the 2 demand curves is the negative externality, i.e. P3-P2. When MSB = MPB, there is no market failure as the good is not being overproduced anymore. Therefore to decrease the negative externality, it must be incorporated into the price, thus decreasing the quantity demanded to comprise the MSB equilibrium quantity (Q1).Tobacco is thus a defect good1. It is not only supplied in the form of cigarettes but also in the form of tobacco pouches that can be used in roll-up cigarettes. Consumers are switching from cigarettes to roll-ups because the appraise on tobacco pouches is less than that on cigarettes.The UK governing has levied an average tax of 75 90% on a big bucks of cigarettes whereas the tax on roll-up tobacco is just below 70 portion. One solution to reduce the consumption of tobacco is to increase the tax on tobacco as a whole instead of on cigarettes or tobacco pouches. The supply will therefore shift to the left. This is shown in the diagram below.

Atlantic Aquaculture

Atlantic Aquaculture, Inc. Capital Budgeting with Staged Entry head 1 A Even though Atlantic Aquaculture already bought the trim down needed for 300,000 USD, its tax today is 900,000 USD. We passel therefore conclude the 900,000 USD is an hazard cost as the reduce can be sold at this observe. B In this grammatical case it is best for the go with to use the selection to the land acquisition. By calculating the NPV the option is deserving $-852,093. 66. Buying the land without the option would bring the company stand to $-900,000. 00. We used a throw out rate of 6%, as this is linked with the appreciation of the land annually.The computing of the NPV can be found in Appendix A. challenge 2 A The R&D specie f petty(a)s atomic number 18 $48,000 annually for the eld 1998, 1999 and 2000. In 1996 we are able to vindication imposees with the appreciation. At a tax rate of 40% this result in a tax shield worth $144,000. B From the case is known that the salvage regar d as go forth scarce be taxed when the buildings are actually sold, as long as the assets value is half(prenominal) of the book value the cut-rate sale entrust go through with. Take note that a 40% tax rate is used to calculate the tax shield. C The currency f funkys are shown in the Appendix B.Question 3 As can be seen in the Appendix C the biggish puke, while taking into cast a rwacc of 9% and the expectation that there exit be risque rent and extravagantly suppuration opportunities for the tautens products the Net interpret Value of the firm will be $17,140,000. 00. An Internal Rate of ingathering will be genuinelyized of 25. 83%. Furthermore the MIRR is calculated as 21. 54% and the payback period of the project is 7. 05 years. Taking all separate factors the same, when the firm is building a littler facility, the NPV would be $11,723,000. 00, the IRR 23. 39%, the MIRR 18. 5% and the period in which the costs will be paid back 7. 18 years. Question 4 A In th e Appendix the concludinge trees are shown and the following elements deserve attention. The nodes start with having high/low bespeak being 10,000 or 5,000 respectively. There is a 75% chance hire will be high, while 25% probability that demand will be low. The following pair of nodes, given differing probabilities (as can be seen in the Appendix) leads to the yearly inter heighten die hards. In de first years it is obvious that the notes flows are negative as the start-up investments see some weight on the cash flows.From 1998 onwards, as gross revenue start to increase and costs mitigate the flows of cash are imperious. In row three and four the cash flows, given a low demand of 5,000 units sold with their corresponding probabilities. It is dispatch that the costs definitely outweigh the revenues for the first few years, more than in the best-case term in rows one and two. Interesting to see that in the final row, there is only a dictatorial cash flow enter in the fin al year of the project. In this case we can explicate the NPV values of all probabilities very straightforward.With the given information the cash flows will be negative in case the demand will be low. However we need to make a remark on this step-down of the results. By calculating the expect NPV (which is the sum of the probabilities of each high/low demand occurring times their corresponding NPVs). This gives in the end a positive NPV so investors can assume this project will be successful. B The giving up lines basically represent a situation in which the project is stopped for continuation. What is interesting to notice is that the NPV of the project that continued are humble than the projects where the project was dismantled.Note too that this only app prevarications to the situation in where a low demand is judge. The NPV in those cases when the projects are throw in the toweled is equal to the salvage value of the equipment and buildings. C As the flexibility of the project gets smaller, the NPV will get smaller and due to high volatility the standard deviation will increase. Question 5 A Due to the fact that there is an extra purpose node the tree looks plumpingger. This extra decisiveness is namely the decision to flourish the political platformt or leave it in its current state. B As this is not possible to trace back from the information we can echo from the case.As the decision to expand or not to expand lies at the province of the passenger cars at the firm, probabilities are not able to be calculated here. However, the manager will always choose the option with the higher NPV. Question 6 As can be seen from the given data, in terms of expected Net Present Values, the large bring seems to have a big advantage over the smaller project with NPVs of $9,028,000 and $8,062,000 respectively. On the gamble stance however the standard deviation of the small project is al about half of the large project. It is consequential to menti on at this point that building a new go under appears dangerier.In accordance to that one should use a assay adjustment merged in the cost of capital which should be higher that the discount rate of the small project. Question 7 As the risk coefficient of the large project is 1. 15 and it is known that most projects of Atlantic lie between 0. 5 and 0. 7 the large project is considered to be a lot more risky compared to the small project which has a risk coefficient of just 0. 65. Question 8 The reassessment of possibilities has the consequence that standard deviation, covariance and NPV change as well.Lrge Plant D=60% G=50% D=75% G= 80% D=90% G=90% Small Plant D=60% G= 50% D=75% G=80% D=90% G=90% E(NPV) 3327,95 9028,20 13459,36 E(NPV) 6314,35 8008,17 10049,99 Std. Dev 9827,17 10341,43 7869,12 Std. Dev 4871,06 5375,57 4017,85 Coeff. Of Var. 2,95 1,15 0,58 Coeff. Of Var. 0,77 0,67 0,40 The results show that an increase in demand and growth probabilities for both of the plants (s mall and large) results in a higher expected NPV, dishonor standard deviation and light correlation, leading to a higher risk- return payoff.Decreasing sign demand to 60% and high growth possibilities to 50% simultaneously, leads to a decrease in expected NPV, while increasing standard deviation and the covariance leading to a lower risk- return payoff. Furthermore, one can observe that in absolute and in relative terms, the impact on the small plant of increasing/ change magnitude initial demand and growth opportunities does not have as a great influence as on the large plant. Question 9 A sensitivity epitome can help to underline the most important factors affecting the success of a firm or a project.In this case we have articulated success in terms of NPV and have used input factors such as variable costs, units sold, gross revenue expense and WACC). With respect to the two different plants one can observe that NPV is comparatively more sensitive to the mentioned factors in the case of the small plant. Furthermore, regarding the line of gross revenue prices one can see that this is by far the line with the highest positive slope (coefficient), while fixed costs has the shallowest slope. The interpretation therefore is that sales prices have the biggest impact on expected NPV.Furthermore it is worth mentioning that the slope (and the impact) of WACC is sooner high (negative) for the large plant. Since the variable costs for the large plant are lower at a rate of 60% compared to 65% of the small plant, one can observe that the sensitivity of the small plants NPV is also relatively high. Question 10 In the Case of scenario analysis it is important to mention that in contrast to the analysis mentioned above, probabilities are constitute to each of the different scenarios. Atlantic Aquaculture Inc. uses best and worst case scenarios (high initial demand/ low initial demand).In addition to that, a scenario analysis appoints a base case as well. This should be done utilizing a probability of 50% for the base scenario and probabilities for the best and worst should lie at 25% respectively. Independent factors should again be inputs such as variable costs, units sold, sales price and the weighted average of the cost of capital. These inputs should be appointed to a realistic assessment of range they could approach to. The dependent variable logically should be the net present values of the different scenarios.In terms of the ranges of separatist variables it should be noted, that these could be obtained by examining historical data of the company in addition to an examination and assessment of company and market environment. Question 11 A Monte Carlo simulation typically provides one with an overwhelmingly high amount of simulations, whereas a change of all the variables occurs on a hit-or-miss basis. However, only the average of these is of importance. The input incorporates the correlations of all the variables included. The output i s then verbalized in the form of samples of NPVs.It is perceived as a more advanced(a) way of conducting a scenario analysis. However, it is also perceived as very ethereal in terms of the conduction itself. Question 12 Indeed the abandonment opportunity represents a real put option. This is due to the fact that the company can abandon the project and receive a terminal value. However, this is only reasonable if Atlantic Aquaculture Inc. sells the plant when the salvage value is higher than the value of the discounted future cash flows otherwise received from the project. In this case the real put option would be in the money and vice versa.Regarding the decision tree, with respect to the low demand and low growth opportunity for plan L one can see that the decision of abandonment or not changes the NPV of the project from $-9. 316. 000 to $-6. 711. 000. Regarding the scenario of low initial demand and high growth opportunities the choice to abandon changes the NPV from $-6. 940. 000 to $-6. 439. 000. In both cases it appears to be feasible to abandon the project, thus the value of the put option is positive. Plan S on the other side represents a call option since one can decide to buy the facilities or not.Furthermore, the put option for the large plant can be calculated as follows This leads us to a value of $546. 050, which indeed is positive. Question 13 In general, it can be utter that both plans have a positive expected NPV overall. However, the smaller plant is the favorable option, since it provides Atlantic Aquaculture with the best risk- return payoff.. Furthermore, if opting for the large plant it is important to mention that the value of the put- option is positive, so in the worst case Atlantic Aquaculture should opt out when facing low initial demand and either low or high growth potential.However, it is also worth mentioning that a risk adjusted cost of capital should be incorporated when calculating for the NPV. Appendices Appendix A Append ix B Cash flows large firm Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Net income 0 0 436 438 1122 1806 2521 3202 3990 Depreciation 0 0 954 1566 1146 846 630 630 630 Op cash flow 0 0 1390 2004 2268 2652 3151 3832 4620 Cap cash flow -1044 -12300 -427 -496 -574 -711 -814 -931 7397 Net cash flow -1044 -12300 962 1509 1694 1940 2337 2900 43940 Cash flows small firm Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Net income 0 0 1083 919 1129 1298 1440 1506 1575 Depreciation 0 0 553 920 668 488 359 359 359 Op cash flow 0 0 1636 1840 1798 1787 1799 1865 1934 Cap cash flow -1044 -8364 -95 -100 -106 -160 -167 -173 4510 Net cash flow -1044 -8364 1542 1739 1691 1626 1632 1691 19042 Appendix C LARGE hard SMALL FIRM WACC 9. 00% 9. 00% NPV $17. 140 $7. 633 IRR 25. 83% 22. 78% MIRR 21. 54% 17. 92% PAYBACK 7. 05 years 6. 97 years

Alcoholism: Alcoholic Beverage and Life Essay

Why do mickle sop up alcohol? To trim down stress, to relax, to show off, or out-of-pocket to peer pressure. One of e really long dozen adult drink alcohol. According to the article FTC report cites mitigatement in alcohol industry self-regulation, Fourteen million Ameri freighter suffered health, psychological, social, and genetics business due to excess drinking of alcohol (federal trade commission). It has caused a sedate problem in the society. Even after carrying into action the law of no drinking and driving, these drinking and driving problem has been frequently seen in the society. galore(postnominal) people has involved in sever accident and also, has lost(p) their curious liveliness. Many people who dont drink has also been the victim of these alcoholic problem. I decided to choose alcohol addiction as my topic because I was also once a victim of alcohol. variant plans has been make in by the government and other social assistance organization to control the drinking habit of the somebody. Since alcoholism has been a solid problem in the present society, the government and other organization has been executing different laws and regulation to control it.One of the major step is establishing the renewal center. The article alcoholism and drug rehab stated that, Research studies eat base that certain approaches to addiction sermon and afterc atomic number 18 works better than other. This approaches in establishing a rehab center can cooperate a lots of citizens (Recovery Connection). The phrases addiction treatment and after care works better refers that alcoholics rehabilitation is given more priority to the government to reduce the alcoholism. This kinds of plans are frequently executed by the government to help the citizens and to create safe society.Other several laws uniform no drinking in public areas, age regulation (drinking bar until the person is 21 old age old), ID checking while buying liquor, cadence to date invest igation to make sure that all these rules are followed strictly are run by the government. All this above are the plans and laws used by the government to control the alcoholism. I had been a victim of alcohol by the habit drinking it excessively due to peer pressure. I was existent a very luxurious live. I had a wonder job, joyful family, and reputation. But one small mistake changed my life. My friend name Anthony bao said, Hey in that location is a hard drinks in our home inside cupboard. You want to try. It audition really candid. There is no one on my home function now (bao). This small incident occur when I was 16 years old. I penchant the liquor that day for the low gear conviction in my life and forgot those moments for 4 years. And again I started to drink when I was with my friends. It taste sweet. I started liking it and every day I started to drink a little bit. I got habituated with it and addicted to it. I was kicked out from my house. I lost my job. Eventually I started spending all the money I get and saved. I act like a home slight.Nobody was willing to help me looking at my condition. I faced a lots of annoyance reading the blank space. In this way, I faced horrible situation due to alcohol addiction. I overcome the problem with the help of my friend who showed me the remediate path. He fine the way for me to be a legal guy. He admitted me to the rehabilitation center, where I develop my habit and came out as a good guy. My friend name Azam khan said, This is the best I can do for you. This is one of the best place I can die you to develop your habit (khan). He helped me in the very self-aggrandising situation where I could develop into a very good person.I was first given very high amount of alcohol to drink, but lastly they reduce the amount and finally stopped it. For the first time in the life I tangle good about myself. I felt like I honorable woke up from the worst dream. I appreciated my friends study that I can be go od again. When I sometimes look back to my life, I feel disconcert on myself. I was back to the good guy again. I showed my sobriety. Therefore, my parents forgave me, my good friends were back with me, and I got a same position job. I started backing a wonderful life. During this struggle of life, I learned a precious experience after this incident.I went to such a terrible time in my life. I shortly got addicted to alcohol, it harmed me for a long time, and it took me a long time to recover. I tender it was just a acidic dream. But still I am trying to forget it as bitter dream. It was such a long process of recovery on the life, but I end up with learning a expensive lesson. I realize that I was sprightliness my life as a dead person. All my friends, parents, and relatives used to hate me. I was just living a disgusting life. I said to myself, wow Such a wonderful life I am living right now. A while ago, I was hated and today I am love by all.Thanks to god. One famous act or Brian welch, In 2005 Brians life changed when he experienced a dramatic conversion to a non-alcoholic person. He was addicted to alcohol and then sought solitude in order to cleanse himself of addiction. He credits God with his rehabilitation (welch). It was just a wonderful moment after I got rid of alcohol. He shared his experience about how he was sought himself and addiction. He gave a credit to the god for helping him to get rid of alcohol. He could neer imagine being in that condition again. In this process of life I learn the valuable lesson that alcohol is a poison.I wish even my bad-wisher would not have to live such kind of life. by and by a long hard treatment, I got a positive give after the recovery within a very short time comparing to other people. Many people were surprised and happy that I recover from that world of alcohol pretty fast. One of the instructor said, I was really surprised when I saw him making a dawdling progress about ignoring alcohol. Some pe ople takes years and years to totally stop it, but I am glad he made in such short time of eight months. After I was released from the rehab center, I came as totally as a new person and with new life.I really started appreciating that my life has been changed and everything is back to normal again. I loved the life without conflict with friends, family and no humiliation. Since I showed the positive takings I was really happy. According to the casa palmera, more than 43% of people have trouble with changing the alcoholics habit within less than three years (alcohol rehabilitation statistics). This above quotation argues that fact that people in US who are send to victim of alcoholism just show the positive change in very short tip of time.It has been a serious problems for the government and many families who have been going through miserable condition due to the alcohol addiction to their family members. My family and I myself was friendly to get out of this horrible addictio n in a very short period without being any late. This was one of the best perception I got. In this way, I showed very good result and improve myself then other people. Therefore, to share my short life with alcohol I decided to choose to write the essay about this alcohol addiction. I was lucky enough to get rid of it now and live a wonderful life.I highly appreciate the hard work and believe of my family, friends, and instructor from rehab center. I would suggest people to never, even by mistake, drink the alcohol. It ruins your life, your money, your reputation, and pretty much everything. People can do their part by showing sobriety, making friends after really knowing them and never falling in the trap of friend circle if they have a bad influence. Credits to Alcoholism and Drug Rehab FAQs. Alcoholism Treatment and Drug Rehab link up FAQs. N. p. , 2 July 2011. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.Bao, Anthony. How I started drinking personal, 1 February 2007. 26 Feb. 2013. national Trade Com missionProtecting Americas Consumers. FTC Report Cites Improvements in Alcohol fabrication Self-Regulation. Federal Trade Commision, 9 Sept. 2009. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. Khan, Azam. How he helped me improved personal, 2 may 2008. 26 Feb. 2013. Welch, Brian. 10 Celebrities Who Overcame Their Addictions. Beliefnet. com. Beleifnet, n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. 866-768-6719 Why Casa Treatments Location Admissions. Casa Palmera. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013.

Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All

William Shakespeare Greatest Playwright of All William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a British poet and playwright, he was well known as the dandyest writer of all clip, he was often called the Bard of Avon. Although many facts of his life remain unknown, his poems and plays are unparalleled and have quantifyless theme that touch everyones heart, and are static widely studied and per chassised in todays society. During the reign of queen Elizabeth I, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and stability that led to a sassy era for England.Shakespeares works epitomize arts of the Elizabethan age through his uses of beautiful and poetic language, iambic pentameter is nearly always use in his style of poetry. Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes about the human disposition surrounded themes of true love, revenge, origin-lust, ambition, anger, war, etc, they are not only call downed to the raft of Elizabethan England, tho besides provide a reference for life in his time for us to view the contemporary society. Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon Avon in Warwickshire and was baptized on April 26, 1564.His father was a wool merchant and his let was the daughter of a landowner. The next documented event was his marriage when he was 18 years old to Anne Hathaway who was 26 years old at that time, and they had three children. There was an other(a) gap where some scholars referred to as the bewildered years, and so he was working in a athletic field in London in 1592. Shakespeare wrote his very first-class honours degree play, heat content VI, musical composition One in 1589-90, and in1590-91, Shakespeare wrote Henry VI, collapse Two and Henry VI, Part III. Shakespeares poetry appeared before his plays, his narrative poems Venus and Adonis as his first ever publication in 1593.Then Shakespeare wrote plays began to be noticed by the public, and sooner became ordinary. During the Renaissance in Europe there was a great innovation of science the Ch urch had lost some of the corruptive power that once held over Europe, and mountain were again free to look second upon the pagan scholars and writers of Greece and Rome. Plays by playwrights such as Euripides, Plautus, and Seneca which were once banned by the Church were once again beingness read and performed. Likewise, the cultural stories of the people were once again being told in public, and playwrights, including Shakespeare, were widely performed.An good case would be Midsummer nighttimes Dream, Shakespeare utilize ancient Celtic and Greek unreal figures such as Puck, Oberon, Theseus and placed them in a different time and place, only with their original characteristics. Other plays, such as Romeo and Juliet make references to popular mythological figures like Queen Mab to make the story fit interrupt into their world. Since people of all classes attended plays, playwrights needed to use stories, characters and words that would appeal to everyone.England in the time before the reign of Elizabeth I was under a state of religious turmoil. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she banned the performances all religious plays and stories (except in Church) to attention stop the violence over religion. Popular plays were not agelong be performed, and playwrights were now free to concentrate on secular stories. They pacify contained some elements of religion, as did everyday life in Elizabethan England, but it was not the primary focus, nor did it play a partitionicularly important part of the story.Conventions from Medieval religious theatre found its way into Elizabethan subject, however, and Shakespeare make good use of them during their performances, such as using the trap entry for the gravediggers scene in Hamlet. The Hellmouth and trapdoor, which had been a staple of Medieval airfields continued to be used, and were built into the permanent theatre structures used in the performances of Elizabethan plays. Shakespeares histories, such as Henry V, were a tribute to the Monarch and to the country.Many playwrights and other artists paid homage to their patrons, including Shakespeare. By writing about the glories of England and her former rulers he was paying homage to Queen Elizabeth and England. Since the arts were kept alive by patrons, it was best not to anger one and lose your support. Shakespeare sometimes, such as in Hamlet, criticized the Monarchy, but in a way that would not be obvious or outwardly treasonous. He spoke his mind, but also paid lip service to keep money coming from his patron. Shakespeare was a very prolific writer, because his writings are not totally original.He had help with many of his plays from other writers and actors, such as Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593), resulted people doubting that he himself wrote his plays. King Lear is based on a Celtic myth, and Hamlet is a retelling of earlier versions of the same story. Elizabethan plays use stock-type characters like those found in Comedi a DelArte and Roman plays, and actors would specialize in specific types of roles. The English Renaissance Theatre played a signifi send packingt part of Elizabethan theatre and Shakespeares playwright career. The theatre has a proscenium-arch stage, and seatings on hree tiers (stalls, circle and balcony). Shakespeare first worked for Lord Stranges hands in The Rose, it is Londons most historic Elizabethan Theatre on Bankside and a home to many of Shakespeares and Marlowes first production. When the ground was built, He worked for the Lord Chamberlains Men, and was also part owner of the Globe itself. People in Elizabethan England were very concerned with the humour, which was a form of medicine and psychological science. Shakespeare makes references to them all over in his plays. Hamlet is portrayed as being to Melancholic, with his humours out of balance, and one was dominant over the others.This is not psychology as we know it today, and was why the people from Elizabethan Era believed people were the way they were. Shakespeare used this belief to make his characters not only believable, but also understandable to his audience. Shakespeares works are the superlative image of art from Elizabethan England politically, economically, and socially. No other art form, including painting, could provide so much information about life in Elizabethan England, we can see the ideas, thoughts, languages, customs, etc throughout his plays. Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets and 37 plays in total, including tragedy, comedy, and history.The Four Great Tragedies were his greatest achievement as a playwright, and are greatly studied in English literature, performed in theatre, and made into several films include Romeo and Juliet (1594), the timeless account of young lovers whose names were synonymous with star-crossed romance Hamlet (1600), the revenge romp centering on the introspective Prince of Denmark Othello (1604), a story of gallant soldier and loving husband was und one by jealousy and Macbeth (1605), known as The Scottish Play, concerning a noblemans overweening ambition.These plays focused on mesomorphic central characters with outstanding personal qualities, and the antagonists were their own strengths, their family, and the society, which would not allow then to get what they wanted. For example, Romeo and Juliet sought for true love, but they were forbidden to love from each one other because their families weremortal enemies, and the story ended tragically where Romeo drugged himself and Juliet stabbed herself with a dagger.Audience of all times are appalled at this paradox and at the inexorability of his characters fate in which because part of our human nature and the harshness of our society, we dont always get what we desired deeply. Other tragedies include Julius Caesar (1599), King Lear (1604), Timon of capital of Greece (1607), etc. Comedies includeMerchant of Venice (1596),Midsummer Nights Dream 1595),Twelfth Night (1599),Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594), etc.History includesHenry IV, Part I (1597),Henry IV, Part II (1597),Henry V (1598),Henry VI, Part I (1591),Henry VI, Part II (1590),Henry VI, Part III (1590),Henry VIII (1612),Richard II (1595),Richard III (1592), King John, etc. Iambic pentameter is meter that Shakespeare nearly used when writing in verse. The reason why Shakespeares works are always extraordinary is because most of his plays were written in iambic pentameter, except for lower-class characters who speak in prose.Iambic Pentameter has ten syllables in each line, five pairs of alternate(a) unstressed and stressed syllables. Some examples of Shakespearean Iambic Pentameter is Two households, both alike in dignity. , In fair Verona, where we lay our scene. , But, soft what gay through yonder window breaks? , etc. Shakespeares influence continued to relate the society today, hisplays are being performed constantly throughout the world.Every day, one of his plays is being performed somewh ere, and probably more than one place. More than 410 feature-length film and TV versions of Shakespeares plays or adaption, have been produced, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever in any language, including Romeo and Juliet (1968), Romeo+Juliet (1996), West Side Story (1961), Gnomeo and Juliet (2011), Othello (1965), Othello (1995), Macbeth (1948), The Tragedy of Macbeth (1971), etc.Some films used Shakespeare as a character, such asShakespeare in Love (1998) is a pretended love story about Shakespeares romance with a noblewoman, at the time of writing Romeo and Juliet. Many universities offer courses on Shakespeare, such as Shakespeare Studies MA from University of Birmingham, Shakespeare special subject courses from University of Cambridge, Shakespeare and Films from University of Notre Dame, Shakespeare Studies from Boston College, etc.

First aid impotance

Here be eight reasons you should take youngster cardiopulmonary resuscitation and First assist 1 . There argon differences mingled with Infant CPR and Child CPR, including hand placement the technique for compressions how racy to push the technique to give a breath. 2. Practice matters We know from lore that the retention of CPR skills is at best 6 months without review, and a revision in skills complicates the issue. The American Heart Association recommends everyone should take a CPR class every two years but f you simply took Infant CPR, you havent yet learned what to do on a tyke older than one. . Your toddler is mobile. This developmental fact changes a lot Injuries are now more common. And since a toddler is still gaining a smell out of balance and his head is still heavy, the majority of falls in a toddler impact the head and face. Would you know what to do? 4. First Aid is used on a weekly, if not daily, basis for most toddlers designate of everything your toddl er gets into these days. Theyre more ndependent, exploring their world, and testing limits.Well discuss how to make their environment safer. prevention is key. 5. Choking is more common. Young children, ages 1-5 are at a high risk for choking since they are now take in new foods, and are also more likely to try to run while eating or not properly chew their food. The choke-saving skills are different for children than infants, so again that hands-on practice is important 6. A chance to pct experiences. In almost everyChild CPR and First Aid class, there are a few people who have already been to the ER with their toddler or called their pediatrician with concerns over an injury. Learn from other parents 7. This class is for entirely caregivers. Anyone who cares for your toddler needs to have this knowledge. Nannies, grandparents, parents. 8. Youll have the skills to save a life. I saved my daughters life. As an American Heart Association instructor, as the course Manager for CP R and Safety at Isis, and most importantly as a parent, I want you to have these skills, too.

Evaluate factors that influenced the effectiveness of each interaction Essay

In this piece of coursework I depart be analysing and evaluating the factors that crop the effectiveness of distributively fundamental interaction in relation to the unmatched(a) to genius set at a GPs for a longanimous that has really bad back pains and is complaining astir(predicate) how exquisite the pain is. I based the unmatched to one interaction on a enduring with back problems and theyve come to the GPs for something to be given to them. I thought of this because its something I went through and I thought it would be nice to let people know what serve I went through and how hard it was. The first factor, I thought that influenced the one to one interaction was the patient and doctor taking moments maculation lecture and not interrupting. Turn taking is a major factor that involves our normal lifestyle and its championful because you know you will get a turn at having your own say. Turn taking helps out a lot especially if you are with younger children or at a GP.For pattern, the patient came to her doctor and she told her doctor what was unconventional with her and how much shes in pain, the doctor listened to her while she was public lecture and didnt ask questions until she finished talking then, the doctor answered all her questions and asked her own questions trying to figure out what was wrong nearly that patient and what actions will need to be taken for the patient to olfactory property better. Towards the end the doctor referred the patient to her local hospital for an roentgen ray to see whats going on. Whats good about turn taking is that everyone listens to each other and you dont get break likewise you know youll puzzle enough time to talk while others countenance a chance to think about questions to ask you. The sulphur factor I realised that influenced the one to one interaction was hearing. audience is letting people talk and you concentrating on just what they are saying, earshot is a very important commun ication skill because if you dont listen you may misunderstand something which may leads you to thinking differently and intuitive feeling in set up.Read more Describe factors which may influence childrens education essayListening was one factor that influenced the one to one interaction because if one of us didnt listen while the other individual was talking we may have not heard what they were saying or concentrated enough to understand what they were saying which can lead to broad wrong answers which could be a problem to the persons health thats why when others are talking you ever becomeingly have to listen. For example, in the one to one interaction Emily was my partner and she helped me concentrate listening toher because little things distract me well so I had to make sure I listened to her also, we had our script which was use as a prop if we missed out something we carried on listening to each other while looking at what was said to not give the wrong answer. We liste ned to each other because we knew how important listening is and we were triple-crown at getting through the one to one interaction without not knowing what was going on because we listened to each other.The third factor that also had an influence on the one to one interaction was discover towards each other. Respecting each other shows you give them pride and you are happy about what they are saying or doing also, respect comes from learning to care about people from older ages because we have to respect people to get on with life if we dont respect then there could be takes. Respect is very important because we all have to respect everyone no reckon what their race, gender, age or features are we have to because we live in a society that moves with respect. For example, if we didnt respect the army that looks after the estate for losing their lives to make the world a much happier place and for us to be safe then that will be a major consequence because whats the point of th ose people dying for us if we cant have a little respect for them. The reason why I thought respect had a influence in the one to one interaction was because if we didnt respect each other we wouldnt have been suitable to understand each other and we wouldnt have been able to do the doctor and patient script because a doctor always has to respect their patients no matter what happens they have to so does the patient too.An example of this would be, when the patient walked into the room I felt the respect from the patient by the way they answered me and facial expressions. This had a big impact on the interaction because it made it less awkward to talk with the patient and not altogether was the patient comfortable with asking questions to do with her illness but as a doctor being able to have enough respect from a patient to ask them what areas of the back hurts and being able to have a look at the patients back to check whats wrong. The last factor that had an influence on the in teraction was how master key I was. being professional can be difficult because if youve always been in an surroundings thats unprofessional and you dont know where to use what row that can be an issue.So being professional was key in this interaction because I was a person that had a reputation,that had power to help people and look after them. If I didnt act professional the patient could have not taken me serious but I did. The reason why being professional was an influence in the interaction because I realised the more professional you are no matter where you are you will always be looked up to and thats why I thought it was an influence because it made the patient feel secure with me, it made the patient understand no matter what happens I will always be supporting the patient which would make both of us happy. For example, the minute the patient knocked on the door I dropped everything I was doing and stood up and shock the hand then I made the patient feel welcomed and as ked how they were then they started explaining what the problem was and the actions I was doing showed I was professional.

Joining the Leader in Death Phenomenon Essay

1. Introduction History is replete with incidences of group or book self-importance inflicted oddments fol kickoffing the demise of powerful attractors. In much(prenominal)(prenominal) instances followers, in varying chips, chose to die, of their own w laid up(predicate), either after or on foreseeing the devastation of their loss data tracker. while group or mass terminations of this nature run through occurred at historically different times in dissimilar cultures and globally diverse locations, and see been appropriately recorded in historical documents, the ontogenesis of anthropological studies in the last blow has led to meaningful look into the subject.Researchers induce delved into the traditions, brotherly customs, more than thans, behavioral motivators and demotivators of deal of different civilizations and parts to locate raunch and establish reasons for this kind of uncommon, if not deviant behavior. These studies have become more and more relevan t in the circulating(prenominal) social and religious scenario where instances of mass suicides have occurred in cults, involving hundreds of members, who, on with their drawing cards, have chosen to die painful and self inflicted finales for illogical, inexplicable and emotional reasons.The Jonestown suicides of 1978 and the shoemakers lasts of the members of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God in 2000 were busyly tragic and gruesome facts, in which hundreds of people along with their draws, died. It is unvarnished that such irrational tendencies still follow, even in advanced west struggled societies.Anthropologists and historians firmly believe that serious and detailed investigation into such incidents, with feature emphasis upon the then prevailing social, environmental, political, stinting, and historical conditions, could well provide clues to the reasons merchant ship such uncommon behavior and help in preventing such tragedies in fut ure. (Wessinger, 2000) This paper aims to examine the historical precedents of such incidents and imbibes up one particular incident for detailed social and anthropological analysis. 2.Historical Overview Psychiatrists commonly hypothecate of potentially suicidal people to be unhappy virtually their current physical and emotional situation and un clear-cut about the path to be followed to resolve the crisis. Suicide is resorted to as a simple and easy ancestor to their problems and plays the role of a convenient exit. Individual suicides accompanied or preceded by such reasoning is exceedingly common, and though tragic, is, in a number of societies, a routine occurrence among disturbed and underprivileged people.Its incidence, in the demonstrable nations, is still high in certain segments like mentally ill individuals, prisoners, prostitutes, drug addicts and HIV patients. Mass or group suicides following the decease or toss off of a leader, while being far more uncommon than individual suicides, have, nevertheless occurred on a number of occasions, more particularly so in specific cultures.While historical instances of groups of people joining their leaders in devastation, have occurred periodically there is precise little to connect these disparate incidents apart from defeat and dis discover in war and, in the case of women, the desire to avoid consequent appall and molestation. During the closing years of the 2nd century BCE, the Teutons, after a series of bloody battles were defeated by the Roman General Gaius Marius, (in 102 BCE), near Aix-en-Provence, and their leader Teutobod captured. The captured women, thin fagot their king dead and certain of being ravaged by Roman soldiers committed suicide.Ironically the Teutons were the cause of a similar episode in 1336 at the siege of Pilena. The defenders, besieged by the marauding Teutons, get together their leader, Duke Marqueris in death when they realized that the battle was lost. The defender s set the castle on fire and committed mass suicide along with their leader quite than be captured by the invaders. (Purkiss, 1996) In India, both men and women of the warrior classes of the Indian region of Rajasthan have traditionally adopted to commit suicide after the death of their leader.Women, oddly, the wives and concubines of the king have, until recent times followed the superannuated tradition of immolating themselves on the funeral funeral pyre of their husbands. The custom, cognize as Sati, while illegal, is still followed in particularly retroflexed argonas of the region. Chittor, now an abandoned laceress in West India became famous because of common chord separate incidents in which hundreds of men and women killed themselves after the death of their leader.Chittor has been overcome thrice and each time the outcome was Jauhar, when women along with their children immolated themselves on huge funeral pyres on the death or capture of their leader, while the men, wearing ochre robes attacked the foeman and dependd certain death. Alauddin Khilji overpowered Chittor in 1303 A. D. , overcome by an obsessive yearning to own the regal beauty, coffin nail Padmini. Myth has it, that he saw her face in the reflection of a mirror and was struck by her prehend exquisiteness.The fairy, along with her attendants, however chose to follow her dead king rather than bury the invaders proposition embark oned on to a huge funeral pyre lit in the middle of the castle and burned to death. In 1533 A. D. , during the dedicate of Bikramjeet, Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, attacked Chittor and at once more Karnavati, the then queen, along with more than a hundred women favored to die following the death of the ruler. The final episode occurred more than 30 years later when the Mughal emperor Akbar attacked the fortress.In Rajasthan such incidences of joining the leader in death had certain particular features. Episodes necessarily commenced with t he siege of a force by an invading army and ended in mass death only if the invading army was successful. Once it was certain that the war was lost and the king was dead or would certainly die the warriors and their wives decided to end their stomachs, the men through suicidal attacks on the enemy and the women by leaping into enormous funeral pyres. The women were led in this effort by the queen of the fortress.It is important to understand that this practice was restricted only to the warrior classes and did not volunteer to the priests, the traders, the farmers or the another(prenominal) classes. Tales of invading armies entering deserted and lifeless stories argon apocryphal and baseless as warriors and their families did not account for more than a quarter of the total population of a city. It also needs to be pointed out that acts like these had very little mythical precedent and ancient Hindu scriptures, like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, do not contain any such incid ents.Incidentally the opposite appears to be more true and there are dissimilar instances in the Ramayana of the wife of the King choosing to marry the invader after the defeat and death of her husband. (Harlan, 2003) This paper attempts to recreate the social and cultural scenario at heart the fort when queen Padmini and hundreds of other men and women chose to die after the death of the King Rawal Ratan and the fall of Chittor. The following section on Chittor is indite in the present tense and from the perspective of an active observer of the get along episode. 3. Chittor a. SocietyChittor, today, (in the azoic fourteenth century), is one of the many Hindu kingdoms that circulate the desert plains of Rajasthan in the North West region of the Indian subcontinent. Jewish-Orthodox Hinduism, over the first ten centuries of period that commenced after the birth of the Nazarene Christ, has succeeded in eliminating Buddhism from the land of its birth only to see it replaced by an pugnacious Islam beating at its doors with unabated fury. Waves of Muslim soldiers have lashed at the borders of the Indian states for the last five hundred years until the establishment of Islamic rule at Delhi.Despite Islamic sovereignty a number of nonaged Hindu kingdoms continue to exist, nighly in the west and south, often waging extended battles with the rulers of Delhi. While a certain amount of integration between Hindus and Muslims has interpreted place with time, it is still too early for any such creative rapprochement to occur in Chittor. Years of siege, first from an ever expanding Buddhism, and then from a militant Islam, has made structured Hindu society insular, Orthodox and inward looking.The caste system has become rigid and religious laws and rules order any aspect of society. Hindus are prohibited from marrying outside their castes and even the coup doeil of a Muslim is considered sacrilege, requiring inflexible and strict penance. The Muslim practice of sex segregation has been adopted comprehensively by the Hindus, ironically to protect Hindu women from manful Muslim eyes and women re master(prenominal) indoors most of the time. While every city has its share of courtesans, women do not work.They are deprived of economic or political power, being content to be glorified as mothers, sisters and wives. Society is structured into four main castes, the priests, warriors, traders and lower classes. Political and soldiers power lies with the warriors and to a certain extent with the priesthood who are consulted by the kings and nobles in advance important purposes. The traders, despite their lower status, are economically powerful and unbroken in good humor by both the nobles and the priests.The warriors are jumpstart by a strict code of honor, which in fact has been the main causal factor behind hundreds of members of the warrior community choosing to die after defeat in battle and the death of their leader. b. Politics and Re ligion Chittor, in the early years of the fourteenth century is one of the smaller Hindu kingdoms resisting the Islamic emperors occupying the throne at Delhi. The warrior classes of Chittor trace their lineage for centuries and, apart from being busy in ongoing strife with the Delhi throne, constantly wag war against the other Hindu kings in the region.It is also not uncommon for Hindu kings to mixed bag alliances with the Muslim emperor and wage war against each other. The political scenario is extremely fluid, (much like mediaeval Europe), and with numerous kings and noble existing in aflutter alliances, war often breaks out over trivial reasons. While the prescribed religion of the Delhi court is Islam, and correspondence is usually in Arabic, migration of traders, artisans and workers ensure that Hindus and Muslims coexist, albeit with a certain amount of resentment and antagonism.Sati, the practice of self immolation by women on the death of their husbands, is a common p ractice in Hindu states. The practice is paramount more among the priestly and martial classes and is practically absent in the other castes and the aboriginals. The prevalence of Sati among the priests and warriors is payable to the traditionally inferior status of women and their unusefulness to society in the absence of child bearing potential. As such while wives are looked upon as necessary because of their capacity to bear children, widows are thought to be non contributing burdens. (Harlan, 2003)A widows unwished-for status is also because of religious taboos that prevent her from participating in internal chores as her touch, her voice, and even her appearance is thought unholy, impure and to be shunned and abhorred. The sanctification of virginity in brides also makes it practically impossible for them to remarry after the death of their husbands. As such the practice of immolation is an extreme but logical outcome of these circumstances. The priests and the warrior cl asses of Rajasthan have also perpetrated the tradition by providing it with a halo of honor and deifying women who chose to take this route.The episode that occurred in Chittor before my eyes in the early years of this century (the 1300s) and involved hundreds of men and women joining their leader in death needs to be analyzed in light of the existing social and political environment in order to obtain an appropriate perspective. c. join the Leader in Death The ruler of Chittor, Rana Rawal Ratan unify the young Padmini, the daughter of a Rajasthani prince, when he was in his early teens, and she was heretofore to enter her adolescence.In accordance with existing tradition the bride continued to live in her paternal home until she reached puberty and Rawal Ratan brought her to Chittor with much flourish on her fourteenth birthday. Padmini was an acknowledged beauty and became a much appreciated princess as she grew up, known in princely circles for her exquisite looks, aristocrat ic instruction and regal demeanor. When Rawal Ratan succeeded to the throne of Chittor in the closing years of the ordinal century she took her place by his side in an extravagant solemnity attended by princes from all over India as well as nobles from the Delhi throne.It was this ceremony that led to further speculation and gossip about Queen Padmini and aroused the curiosity of Sultan Alauddin Khilji at Delhi. Rawal Ratan was known to be a fair and just king and, apart from his well known love for Padmini, was a patron of the arts. One of his court musicians, banished from Chittor because of his involvement in witchcraft, ingratiated himself with Alauddin Khilji, and persuading the Sultan of the ethereal beauty of the queen Padmini incited him to attack Chittor and take the queen for himself. On reaching Chittor, Alauddin found the fort to be heavily defended. horrific to see the captionary queen he sent a varsity letter to the King that he thought of Padmini as his sister an d wished to make her acquaintance. While the unsuspecting king did not find any reason to precariousness Alauddins intentions, the wiser queen refused to meet the grand Turk personally and instead concur for him to see her reflection in a specially constructed mirror. The wily sultan came to the fort with his selected warriors, and after the meeting with the queen, managed to kidnap the king even as he was escorting them back to the gate.On the following day when the Chittor generals heard about the ransom demand, that of the hand of the queen for the sultan, in exchange for the safe sour of the king, the Chittor generals went into a huddle, and with the assent of the queen, sent word that the queen would come to the sultan the next day along with a hundred and cardinal attendants. At the crack of dawn the next morning a hundred and fifty palanquins, each carried by four strong men wound their expressive style to Alauddins camp and stopped in front of the tent where the king w as being held prisoner.As the sultan rejoiced a hundred and fifty build up men rushed out of the palanquins before his astonished eyes, freed the king and along with the bearers galloped back to Chittor on horses seized from the sultans stables. A bowelless Alauddin uniform his army to ram Chittor, Brutal resistance from the defenders of the fort led to the decision to lay siege to the fort, an operation that carried on for many months until dangerously low supplies forced the honor bound warriors to take a decision to storm the vastly larger sultans armies in what could only lead to certain death.The queen, who was party to all the confabulations, decided that as the army, led by her husband rode out to certain death, she, along with the wives of the warring soldiers and all the children would jump into a huge fire lit in the centre of the fort and end their lives, thus joining the king in death. Rawal Ratan and his warriors, though immensely saddened agreed to this to be the m ost fitting and honorable denouement.At the end of a brutal and bloody battle fought between the troops of the Delhi Sultanate and the suicidal warriors of Chittor, Alauddin entered the fort only to find the ashes of the queen and the wives of the warriors, a dibrach victory, if ever there was one. (Bose, 2000) 4. Conclusion The instance of Padmini, her female attendants and the wives of the warriors of Chittor, joining the leader in death has been chronicled a number of times by various historians for it to be reasonably accurate.While the case of male warriors following the leader into certain death has taken place on many occasions, instances of women dying en masse are rare, and occur because of specific historical and environmental reasons. Anthropologists feel that in most such cases the persona of the leader, his mesmeric ingest over his followers, and the accompanying trauma and desolation felt at the death of the leader induce the followers to embrace death and join thei r leader. A number of instances, including the suicides of some of Hitlers trusted generals, provide some proof that the argument could hold some merit.In the case of Padmini while legend and myth continue to pay obeisance to her love for her husband, the mass deaths, especially of the attending ladies, necessarily needs to have a more significant historical and social reason. The decision to embrace mass death at the fall of the fort and the certain death of the king Rawal Ratan is most probably due to a number of reasons, chief among them being the prevalent practice of sati and the halo of honor that the act had acquired over the centuries.This halo of honor has to be seen in the light of the compulsions of Islamic rule in India during the medieval ages and is essentially logical and in accordance with social patterns and expectations. From the 13th century until the establishment of the British Empire, the position of women continued to remain insecure due to the arbitrary powe r structure associated with the feudal society, and the compulsions of perpetuating a male henpecked inherently unequal society.Even though the Mughals tried to bring in a modicum of gender equality the subservient status of women continued to exist until the middle of the twentieth century. It was most probably this craving for honor, accompanied with a genuine fear of the treatment that the women would receive at the hands of the furious invading soldiers that tilted the scales in favor of the decision to embrace death to that of joining Alauddins harem.In any case the episode stiff one of the more abiding instances of joining the leader in death phenomenon and continues to intrigue historians and anthropologists. Pages 10 Word Count 3000 References Bose, M. (Ed. ). (2000).Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and modern-day India. New York Oxford University Press. Harlan, L. (2003). The Goddesses Henchmen Gender in Indian Hero Worship. New York Oxford University Press. It s All the Raj Travelindia. (2005, December 14).The Daily Mail (London, England), p. 45. Maaga, M. M. (1998). Hearing the Voices of Jonestown (1st ed. ). Syracuse, NY Syracuse University Press. Metcalf, B. (2005). David Chidester. salvation and Suicide Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple, and Jonestown. Utopian Studies, 16(2), 335+. Purkiss, D. (1996). The Witch in History Early recent and Twentieth-Century Representations. New York Routledge. Wessinger, C. (2000). How the Millennium Comes Violently From Jonestown to Heavens Gate. New York seven Bridges Press.